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-Kroes, Lepp & Relman, PNAS, 1999

-Kroes, Lepp & Relman, PNAS, 1999. Periodontal Disease. 59% U.S. Population afflicted with chronic marginal gingivitis Inflammation of gums Inflammation caused by bacteria 35% U.S. population afflicted with chronic periodontitis

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-Kroes, Lepp & Relman, PNAS, 1999

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  1. -Kroes, Lepp & Relman, PNAS, 1999

  2. Periodontal Disease • 59% U.S. Population afflicted with chronic • marginal gingivitis • Inflammation of gums • Inflammation caused by bacteria • 35% U.S. population afflicted with • chronic periodontitis • Apical migration of gingival pocket (CAL & PD) • exfoliation of teeth • Associations with systemic disease

  3. -Lepp, et al, PNAS, 2004

  4. -Lepp, et al, PNAS, 2004

  5. -Lepp, et al, PNAS, 2004

  6. Intestinal Bacteria ~10,000 species

  7. Bacterial Vitamin Synthesis • K vitamins • E. coli and Bacteriodes • Fat soluble • Coagulation coenzymes • B vitamins • Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Bacteriodes • Water soluble • B12 (cobalamin) • B9 (folic acid) • B5 (Pantothenic acid) • B7 (Biotin) • B2 (Riboflavin) • B1 (Thiamine)

  8. Postnatal Development -Steppenbach, Hooper and Gordon, PNAS, 2002

  9. Carbohydrate Metabolism

  10. Carbohydrate Metabolism

  11. Mixed “microbial community”

  12. Bacterial Antibiotics

  13. Blood Agar, PEA and CNA

  14. MacConkey Agar E. coli

  15. Coagulase Test

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