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Resource—Lesson 4. Education In Vietnam. A long tradition Information from Vietnam’s Education— The Current Position and Future Prospects Pham Minh Hac, The Gioi Publishers, Hanoi, 1998. Centuries of Chinese domination—over 1,000 years. Chinese domination— 111 B.C. to 938 A.D.
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Resource—Lesson 4 Education In Vietnam A long tradition Information from Vietnam’s Education— The Current Position and Future Prospects Pham Minh Hac, The Gioi Publishers, Hanoi, 1998
Chinese domination— 111 B.C. to 938 A.D. Chinese rulers opened public schools, mainly to train their children to become civil servants for the ruling class and structure.
Chinese Rule Children of nobles were sent to school to study to a certain level without any examination and then appointed to the position of mandarin, a public official in the Chinese Empire.
Chinese Rule Statues of mandarins—public officials in the Chinese Empire
The appointment system was abolished late in the Chinese domination and replaced with a system of examinations for a doctorate degree. Outstanding Vietnamese students were sent to China for examinations.
Throughout Chinese domination, the education system may be called one of examinations. Stelae with names, places of birth and achievements of men who received doctorates by examination
Chinese Rule Later, a number of upper class Vietnamese children were allowed to attend these Chinese schools.
Independence After independence in 938 A.D., education was carried out at private and pagoda (temple) schools, but education was not well-developed.
Independence Children of common people were admitted to two kinds of schools… 1. Private schools managed by thepeople themselves at the village and communal level, and
Independence 2. under the King’s directmanagement in the capital city—Hue, and a few at the district level and provincial level.
French Rule (1859-1954) In mid-19th century, the French colonialists kept the feudal Confucian education of the previous dynasty. After 1919, Chinese-like schools and examinations were abolished.
French Rule The French developed education “horizontally” by opening elementary schools with the first three grades of primary, not “vertically”.
Schools were modeled after the French system of education— Primary schools with only a few grades were opened in some communes. Primary schools with six grades were opened in a number of towns.
French Rule Junior secondary schools with four grades were opened in some big cities. Senior secondary schools were opened in Hanoi, Hue and Saigon.
Higher Education began in the 1900s. In 1908, a number of schools were merged together to form what was called “universite”. In 1919, the first preparatory college courses were created to teach physics, chemistry, and biology.
Also, at the beginning of the 20th century… The French colonial administration developed a number of specialized schools. Most of them were for training of workers or medium-level technicians.
French Rule In 1923, a training course for medical doctors began. In 1939-40, Indochinese University consisted of schools for law and agronomy (soil management), and had 582 students.
As a result… • Over 95% of Vietnamese were illiterates, especially women and ethnic minority people. • The history of the Vietnamese nation was neglected in the curricula. • The history of the Vietnamese nation was neglected in the curricula. • Textbooks did not mention Vietnam as a country—but spoke only of the five countries in French Indochina.
During 1926-1935, the Vietnam Association of Youth Revolutionary Comrades opened courses on national language. • In 1930, the Indochinese Communist Party urged “education for the whole people” and condemned the policy of “horizontal” education (several years only) for laborers and youth.
The spread of the national language and literacy learning was combined with the development of the struggle for independence. Slogans were… • “School for everybody!” • “Fight against illiteracy!” • “Spread education!”
In 1945, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam put for forward two pressing tasks in education… • To fight against the French educational policy of enslavement, assimilation of the Vietnamese people, and illiteracy; • To educate the people against the habits and customs inherited from the old regime and turn the Vietnamese into a valiant, patriotic, labor-loving nation, worthy of independence.
The Communist Party Headquarters in Hanoi The politbureau, the executive committee, met under Ho’s home
The promotion of education became an integrated part of the revolutionary cause. “An ignorant nation is a weak one. Therefore, I propose that a campaign against illiteracy be launched.” President Ho Chi Minh
On October 4, 1945, Ho appealed to: • the entire people to fight against the lack of education; • the illiterates to regard learning as a right and obligation; • the literates to teach illiterates as a duty; • the women to study; • the youth to march in this work.
There was a nationwide campaign against illiteracy in Vietnam. • From September 8, 1945-August 8, 1946 75,000 classes were opened with 96,000 teachers and over 2.5 million pupils • From 1946 to 1954 10 million people learned to read and write
Children are still reminded today that Ho Chi Minh encouraged learning…
The work did not stop at learning to read and write. After 1945, the government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam continued to develop general education, secondary vocational education and higher education.
On April 30, 1975, the Vietnam People’s Army liberated Saigon and unified the country. • The demarcation line at the 17th parallel had divided South Vietnam and North Vietnam in 1954 and had created two educational systems.
Following Reunification of North and South Vietnam… • The Polibureau of the Communist Party of Vietnam issued many decisions on educational reforms of structure, contents and methods.
