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Ch. 5 Review

Ch. 5 Review. 5.1 Passive Transport. Differentiate the terms solute and solvent. Solute = substance being dissolved Solvent = substance doing the dissolving. What is the solvent inside and outside of the cell?. Water . What are the four components of the cell membrane?. Phospholipids

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Ch. 5 Review

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  1. Ch. 5 Review 5.1 Passive Transport

  2. Differentiate the terms solute and solvent. • Solute = substance being dissolved • Solvent = substance doing the dissolving

  3. What is the solvent inside and outside of the cell? • Water

  4. What are the four components of the cell membrane? • Phospholipids • Carbs • Proteins – both integral and peripheral • Steroids (cholesterol)

  5. What does selectively permeable or semi-permeable mean? • Only certain things can pass through

  6. What are the two main types of transport? What’s the difference between the two?

  7. List the four types of passive transport. • Simple diffusion • Osmosis • Facilitated diffusion • Diffusion through ion channels

  8. Define diffusion. Why does it occur? • Movement of particles from high conc. to low • Occurs naturally due to kinetic energy of particles

  9. Give an example of diffusion. • Food coloring in water • Perfume/cologne • Loss of helium from a balloon • Smoke • Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other small nonpolar molecules across the cell membrane

  10. What is equilibrium? • Particles are spread evenly throughout a space

  11. Do the particles stop moving in equilibrium? • No! • Why not? • They have kinetic energy!

  12. What is osmosis? • Movement of water from high to low conc. through a membrane

  13. Define hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. • Hypertonic = high solute • Hypotonic = low solute • Isotonic = same solute

  14. In which of those solutions are the particles in equilibrium? • Isotonic

  15. Which way does water flow when cells are in a hypotonic solution? • In • What happens to animal cells? • Cytolysis • What happens to plant cells? • Turgor pressure

  16. What is cytolysis? • Cell bursting • Why don’t plant cells experience cytolysis? • They have cell walls

  17. What is turgor pressure? • Pressure of membrane pushing against the cell wall

  18. Which way does water flow when cells are in a hypertonic solution? • Out • What happens to animal cells? • Crenation • What happens to plant cells? • Plasmolysis

  19. What is crenation? • Cell shrinking/shriveling

  20. What is plamolysis? • Cell membrane pulls away from cell wall

  21. If you are stranded at sea, why shouldn’t you drink the ocean water? • It’s too salty! You would be putting your cells in a hypertonic environment which would cause them to lose water!!

  22. What is facilitated diffusion? • Assisted diffusion • Movement of particles from high conc. to low through a transport protein called a carrier protein

  23. Do carrier proteins transport lots of different types of molecules or one type of molecule? • One type… they are specific!

  24. List the steps of facilitated diffusion. • Carrier protein binds to molecule • Carrier protein changes shape • Molecule moves through • Molecule released on other side; carrier protein returns to original shape and is reusable

  25. What types of molecules move by facilitated diffusion? • Glucose • Small polar molecules

  26. What is diffusion through ion channels? • Movement of ions from high conc. to low through carrier proteins called ion channels or channel proteins • Ion channels are also specific – they only move one type of ion

  27. What is the everyday word for an ion? • electrolyte

  28. Why can’t ions move through the cell membrane on their own? • They are charged – repelled by nonpolar interior of cell membrane

  29. Some ion channels open and close. What are they called? • Gated channels

  30. What controls the opening/closing of gated ion channels? • Cell membrane stretching • Electrical signals • Chemical signals

  31. What are some common ions? • sodium (Na+) • potassium (K+) • calcium (Ca2+) • magnesium (Mg+) • chlorine (Cl-) • phosphate (PO4-) • bicarbonate (HCO3-)

  32. Why are ions important? • Heartbeat and nerve function • Fluid balance • Oxygen delivery • Acid-base balance

  33. 5.2 Active transport

  34. What’s the difference between active and passive transport? • Active transport moves substances against the gradient • Active transport requires ATP!!

  35. List the types of active transport • Protein pumps • Endocytosis • Exocytosis

  36. What is a protein pump? • Transport protein that moves molecules from low to high conc. ; requires energy

  37. What are the basic steps of how protein pumps work? • Protein binds to molecule • Protein changes shape; this requires ATP! • Molecule moves through protein and is released on the opposite side • Protein returns to original shape and is reusable

  38. Give an example of a protein pump. • Sodium-potassium pump

  39. Cells must maintain higher sodium _______ and higher potassium _________ the cell. • Outside • Inside

  40. Sodium and potassium always move in a ________ ratio. • 3:2

  41. Describe how the sodium-potassium pump works. • 3 sodiums bind to the pump on the inside of the cell • Protein splits a phosphate from ATP and releases energy; the free phosphate binds to the pump causing it to change shape • 3 sodiums move out • 2 potassiums bind to pump on outside of cell • Phosphate is released from pump causing it to change shape • Potassiums move in • Protein returns to original shape and is reusable

  42. Define endocytosis. • Talking bulky materials into a cell

  43. What are the two types of endocytosis? • Pinocytosis • Phagocytosis • What’s the difference between the two? • Pinocytosis – fluids, cell “drinking” • Phagocytosis – solids, cell “eating”

  44. How does endocytosis work? • Cell membrane folds inward around material to be ingested • Membrane pinches off inside of cell forming a vesicle • Vesicle fuses with a lysosome to digest materials

  45. Define exocytosis. • Forcing material out of the cell in bulk

  46. How does it work? • Vesicle containing material fuses with the cell membrane releasing contents outside

  47. The cell membrane changes shape… this requires ___________. • Energy

  48. Give three examples of materials released from a cell by exocytosis. • Hormones • Proteins • Wastes

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