Path to an Empire

1. Chapter 27, U.S. Imperialism, 1890-1909 To compete with other powers, America gains colonies overseas, although some Americans object. Path to an Empire

2. Why does the U.S. Seek colonies?

3. Roots of Imperialism • Economic: expand of explode. • Cultural: Spread values and religion abroad • Social Darwinism: T.Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge agreed that US is the fittest to expand to other countries. • Political: Survival in the World Competition as nation states. • US wanted control of the seas. It was vital to world dominance: Alfred Thayer Mayan.

5. Acquisition of Alaska, 1867 • Early support for expansionism. • Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million by Secretary William Seward. • Unpopular but sanctioned • (Seward’s Icebox/Folly). • Rumors of resources.

6. Overview of the United States • At the end of the 19th Century, American Foreign Policy focused on developing trade and territory as it pushed for: • Manufactured Goods • Sources for raw materials • System of harbors and coaling stations

7. Dilemma • America’s expansionist policies sparked controversy as many raised doubts about morality of imperialism.

10. Hawaii • A perfect station for US shippers, sailors, and whalers. • Important sugar and pineapple region. • Sent over missionaries. • 1887: secured rights to Pearl Harbor. • McKinley Tariff: annexing Hawaii very profitable. • Queen Liliuokalani: wanted to keep Hawaii profitable. • Stanford B. Dole heads new government. Marines helped overthrow without Congress approval.

11. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpsmUCtsd2o

14. President William McKinley • President, 1897 • Annexes Hawaii in 1898. • Hawaiians never had a chance to vote on it. • Assassinated in 1901 by foreign radical and Teddy Roosevelt takes office.

16. Section 1 Review: • Key Terms • Imperialism • Annex • Tariff • Colonies • William McKinley • Queen Liliuokalani • Pearl Harbor • Sanford B. Dole • Concepts: • 3 reasons the U.S. wanted to acquire colonies. • How we acquired Hawaii. • Why we acquired Hawaii.

17. Chapter 27 The Spanish-American War

18. Cuba: Causes of War • Spanish colony: U.S. affected by high sugar tariff. • Cubans wanted independence. • US businesses: $50 million invested. • Jose Marti – launches rebellion from exile in NY • Yellow Journalism: Sensational stories to peak Americans interest. William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. • “You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war.” • General Weyler– Spanish general sent in to crush the rebellion. Rounded up rural populations and put into concentration camps (1000’s die) • De Lome Letter – exposed letter from Spanish minister to the U.S. which criticized McKinley as “weak” • 1898: USS Maine explodes in Havana Harbor.

22. Spanish-American War Begins After the U.S.S. Maine’s explosion: • Spain blamed, and McKinley declares war. • Teller Amendment: U.S. guarantees Cubans their freedom after the war.

23. I. “The Splendid Little War” • Lasted 113 days • US first attacks Philippines: George Deweywith help from EmelioAguinaldo (rebel leader): sunk all Spanish battleships and captured Manila, Philippines. • After the S-A war, US decides to stay and “uplift” the Filipinos before leaving.

29. II. Cuba • Rough Riders: led by T. Roosevelt. Stormed San Juan Hill to victory. • More deaths from disease than battle. Over 5,000 die to disease, 400 to guns.

33. III. Treaty of Paris • signed August 12, 1898 – ends war • Spain cedes Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines for $20 million to the US. • These new territories will be protectorates of the U.S.

35. New Territories:I. Puerto Rico • Foraker Act (1900)– ends military rule and sets up a civil government. The president of the U.S. chooses Puerto Rico’s governor and upper house members. • Insular Cases (1901) – Constitution doesn’t automatically apply to people in acquired lands • Jones Act (1917) – Puerto Ricans granted U.S. citizenship and right to elect both houses

37. II. Puerto Rican Reactions • Many Puerto Ricans wanted independence or statehood

38. III. Provisions for Cuba • Cuba free • U.S. forces addition of the Platt Amendment into Cuba’s own constitution. • Cuba could : • not make treaties that would allow another nation to occupy it, • not to go into debt • the U.S. has the right to intervene, and the right to lease naval bases. • Protectorate status from 1903-1934 allows U.S. to protect business interests in Cuba.

39. IV. Cuban Reactions • Offended the U.S. wouldn’t remove military until Cuba signed the Platt Amendment • held protests in the streets

40. V. Philippine-American War • 1898: US troops with Filipinos defeat and remove Spain. Filipinos assumed independence. • 1899: Emelio Aguinaldo leads insurrection. • 1901: Aguinaldo captured. • President McKinley “benevolent assimilation” • American $ into island, improved roads & sanitation. • Economic ties with island. • Start school system.

42. VI. Filipino Reactions • Felt betrayed. Thought the U.S. fought beside them to give them independence. • Philippines won’t gain independence until 1946.

43. VII. Effects of annexing Philippines • U.S. used guerilla war tactics and harsh methods, put people in camps where thousands died. • 3 year war • 20,000 filipinos die • 4,000 Americans die • $400 million spent on the war (20x’s amount spent to annex it) • After the U.S. sets up a similar government as Puerto Rico.

44. Separate the next information, it is NOT a part of the Spanish American War.

45. China Resists Influence • 1894-1895: Russo-Japanese War • European nations move into “spheres of influence”. • Worried that Europe would take China and close the doors for trade.

47. I. Open Door Notes • 1899 – Secretary John Hay issues out of fear that China would be cut up into European colonies. • Calls for open door policy, no special trading rights. • Chinese resented European domination of China’s large cities.

50. II. Boxer Rebellion • 1900- Chinese kill hundreds of missionaries and foreigners. • The U.S. and 4 other nations send troops into China to put down Boxer Rebellion