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UNIT THREE

UNIT THREE. BIOLOGY. AREA OF STUDY #2: DETECTING & RESPONDING EXAM REVISION LECTURE CHP 7: INFECTION & DISEASE. CHP 7 TOPIC 1: DEFINING DISEASE. The term disease refers to any change that impairs the functioning of an individual in some way. That is, it harms the individual. .

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UNIT THREE

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  1. UNIT THREE BIOLOGY AREA OF STUDY #2: DETECTING & RESPONDING EXAM REVISION LECTURE CHP 7: INFECTION & DISEASE

  2. CHP 7 TOPIC 1: DEFINING DISEASE The term diseaserefers to any change that impairs the functioning of an individual in some way. That is, it harms the individual.

  3. CHP 7 TOPIC 1: DEFINING DISEASE/ TRANSMISSION Infectious Disease Chapter 7 - Disease Causing Organisms

  4. CHP 7 TOPIC 1: DEFINING DISEASE/ TRANSMISSION Transmission of Disease

  5. CHP 7 TOPIC 1: DEFINING DISEASE/ TRANSMISSION Contact Transmission

  6. CHP 7 TOPIC 1: DEFINING DISEASE/ TRANSMISSION Vehicle Transmission

  7. CHP 7 TOPIC 1: DEFINING DISEASE/ TRANSMISSION Vector Transmission

  8. Topic CHP 7.1 Questions: • Do all pathogens that enter an organism cause disease? Yes / No • Do all pathogens that enter an organisms of different species cause the same disease? Yes / No • Is a broken arm by definition, a disease? Yes/ No • Is cystic fibrosis and infectious disease? Yes/ No • What kind of microscope would you need to use to identify the presence of: • Bacteria:_______________ • Fungus: ________________ • Viriods: ________________ • Protozoan: _____________ • How does a ‘vector’ differ from a ‘host’? _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ • What is the likely method of transmission of infection of the following: • Prions: _________________ • Influenza: _______________ • E. coli: _________________ /12 Marks

  9. CHP 7 TOPIC 2: SUMMARY OF DISEASE CAUSING ORGANISMS

  10. CHP 7 TOPIC 2: SUMMARY OF DISEASE CAUSING ORGANISMS

  11. Topic CHP 7.2 Questions: • Circle which of the following would be classified as living: HIV E. coli a Prion plasmodium yeast • True/ False: viroids are the smallest known infectious particles • List two virus sub groups: _______________ & _________________________ • Name one protozoan that causes disease in mammals: ____________________ • True / False: penicilin is affective against bacteria and fungi but not virus’ • Which of the following are prokaryotic: (circle) E. coli E. epidermis HIV Plasmodium Yeast

  12. CHP 7 TOPIC 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE CAUSING PRIONS Prion Diseases

  13. CHP 7 TOPIC 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE CAUSING PRIONS prions are unique in that they are both contagious and hereditary they are also resistant to sterilization

  14. Topic CHP 7.3 Questions: Prions • Which of the following is a possible source of prion disease: • Infected brains • Infected intestines • Contaminated water • Which of the following is a possible cause of prion disease: • Infection carried by a vector • Infection caused by a parasite • Genetic mutation • Prions are infectious proteins. How do they cause disease: _________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ • True / False: prions can be destroyed or deactivated by heating or cooling • True / False: prions have an incubation period up to ten years • Name one disease caused by prion infection: _______________________

  15. CHP 7 TOPIC 4: CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE CAUSING BACTERIA Bacteria- Kingdom Monera

  16. CHP 7 TOPIC 4: CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE CAUSING BACTERIA Gram Stains • 1984, bacteriologist, Joachim Gram developed the gram stain • Gram stain distinguishes between two main groups of bacteria • Important stain to help identify which drugs are useful • Gram Positive bacteria take up the violet colour of the stain • Gram + have a cell wall layer of teichoic acid • Are particularly susceptible to penicillin and sulphonamide drugs • Gram Negative bacteria fail to take up the stain and by default stain pink • Gram – have no teichoic acid in their walls and smaller amounts of disaccharides and amino acids • Outer layer of lipid compounds enables these bacteria to resist penicillin and other drugs • Also makes phagocytosis of the bacteria very difficult • Effective drugs include streptomycin, tetracycline • S. empidermis: gram negative (susceptible to penicillin) • S. ecoli: gram negative (resistant to penicillin)

  17. Topic CHP 7.4 Questions: Bacteria • Which of the following is a possible source of bacterial disease: • Infected brains • Infected intestines • Contaminated water • All of the above • True / False: all bacteria are pathonogenic • True / False: all bacteria contain DNA • The cell wall of bacteria is made out of: • Chitin • Cellulose • Protein • Nofninidea • Carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids • Three basic shapes of bacteria include: __________________, ________________ & _____________________ • Most bacteria have a casing around the outside of the cell wall called a : c_________ • Two organelles (not including cell membrane) present in some bacteria include: ________________, _______________ • How many chromosomes does each bacterial cell have? 1, 3, more than 3

  18. CHP 7 TOPIC 5: CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUS’ Viruses • Viruses are the smallest known reproducing things. • A virus comprises of DNA or RNA surrounded by one or more coats of protein. • The significant feature about viruses is that they cannot reproduce outside a cell – they need to enter a host cell to reproduce. • Most viruses are only able to invade one host although some have a host range • Are intracellular parasites to animal, plants, fungi, protists and bacteria BACTERIAPHAGE attacks bacteria

  19. CHP 7 TOPIC 5: CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUS’ How Do Viruses Affect a Host Cell? • Viruses must enter a host cell to reproduce. • They use components of the host cell as a source of energy and material to make new viruses and ultimately destroy the host cell. • When a virus infects a cell, its protein coat becomes attached to the cell wall and its DNA is injected into the cell. • The viral DNA ‘takes over’ the cell and uses energy from the mitochondria and material within the cell to make new viral protein coats and viral DNA. • The new parts are then assembled into new viruses and in a matter of hours, hundreds of new viruses are produced. Chapter 7 - Disease Causing Organisms

  20. CHP 7 TOPIC 5: CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUS’ Viral Pathogens

  21. CHP 7 TOPIC 5: CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUS’ The Structure of HIV True / False True / False

  22. Topic CHP 7.5 Questions: Virus • Which of the following is a possible source of viral disease: • Infected brains • Infected intestines • Contaminated water • All of the above • True / False: all virus’ are pathonogenic • True / False: all virus’ contain either DNA or RNA • True / False: viruses are obligate intracellular parasites • The cell wall/ coat of virus is made out of: • Chitin • Cellulose • Protein • Nofninidea • Carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids • Why are viruses hard to attack and destroy? _____________________________________ • True/. False: Bacteriophages are attacked by viruses • What name is given to the protein coat of a virus? a _______________

  23. CHP 7 TOPIC 6: CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE CAUSING PROTOZOANS Protozoans

  24. CHP 7 TOPIC 6: CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE CAUSING PROTOZOANS Malaria

  25. CHP 7 TOPIC 6: CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE CAUSING PROTOZOANS Malaria

  26. Topic CHP 7.5 Questions: Protozoans • Which of the following is the most likely source of disease caused protozoans: • Cooked meat/ fish • Contaminated water • Airborn infection • True / False: all protozoan’s are pathonogenic • True / False: all protozoans contain both DNA & RNA • True / False: disease causing protozoans are obligate intracellular parasites • True/. False: mosquiotos cause the disease known as malaria • True/ False: humans are the primary host for plasmodium • What name is given to the protective capsule used by some protozoans to avoid being destroyed by a host: ______________________________

  27. CHP 7 TOPIC 7: CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE CAUSING: OTHER Fungal& Disease

  28. CHP 7 TOPIC 7: CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE CAUSING: OTHER Multicellular Parasites

  29. CHP 7 TOPIC 7: CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE CAUSING: OTHER Insect Parasites

  30. CHP 7 TOPIC 7: CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE CAUSING: OTHER Parasitic Ticks & Mites

  31. CHP 7 TOPIC 7: CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE CAUSING: OTHER Parasitic Roundworm

  32. CHP 7 TOPIC 7: CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE CAUSING: OTHER Parasitic Flatworms

  33. CHP 7 TOPIC 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE CAUSING ORGANISMS How do Pathogens infect and affect? • Must cause damage to the host (generally one or a combination of the following) • Invasion of tissue (the pathogen reproduces in and spreads through body tissue , causing breakdown of tissue/ cell death): i.e. enzymes of bacteria • Production of toxins: exotoxins in bacteria; endotoxins • Inhibits normal cell function such as metabolism, growth and repair • Consumes nutrients (i.e. parasites) • Produces damaging proteins (prions and viruses) • Body’s own reactions – fever, inflammation and swelling – necessary but harmful!

  34. CHP 7: CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE CAUSING ORGANISMS Key Terms: Parasite: organism that lives on or in another organism and feeds from it , usually without killing it. Endoparasite: parasatistic organism that lives inside the host Ectoparasite: parasatistic organism that lives/ feeds on the outside of the host Host: organism or cell that a parasite lives in or on. Primary Host: in which mature parasite lives its adult stage (final host) before passing on eggs Intermediate Host: a host necessary for completion of life cycle (not adult form of parasite- site of asexual reproduction) Vector: an insect or animal that carries a pathogenic organism from one host to another Exotoxins: toxins secreted (including bacteria) into the surrounding medium Endotoxins: toxins produced by an organism and released only when the organism disintegrates Fungicides: chemicals that kill fungi Alfa toxin: a toxin produced by fungus that may be responsible for some cancers Pathogen: organism able to cause disease in a host

  35. CHP 7 TOPIC 7: CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE CAUSING: OTHER • Antiseptics and Disinfectants: • antiseptics are used to kill pathogens on the skin • Disinfectants are used to kill pathogens on an object • Both work by interfering with cell structures and functions • Antibiotics and Antimicrobials • Antibiotics were originally produced naturally by microorganisms, but some can now be made • synthetically. They are active against other microorganisms • antimicrobial agents are chemicals used to inhibit growth of bacteria. They interfere with bacterial cell walls, cell membranes and protein and nucleic acid synthesis • Fungicides and Antifungicides • Hard to develop because of strong similarities in cellular functions between the host and the pathogen • Antivirals • Hard to treat viruses without harming host cells • inhibiting the synthesis of RNA and DNA in retroviruses has been particularly successful • Interferons are antiviral (natural!) • Antiprotozoan and Anthelminthic Drugs • Very little research in this area

  36. Topic CHP 7.7 Questions: Prions • Which of the following is a possible source of parasitic infection: • Cooked food • Contaminated water • Uncooked fish • List two examples of Fungi: __________________ & ________________________ • The cell wall of fungi is made of: • Chitin • Cellulose • Protein • Nofninidea • Carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids • True / False: fungi are autotrophic • True / False: fungal infection is called mycosis • A parasite that feeds off the outside of its host is called an _______________ parasite • Name three adaptations that may be employed by parasites: • _____________________________________ • _____________________________________ • _____________________________________

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