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Genetic mutations —— Evolution of intrinsic motivation

Genetic mutations —— Evolution of intrinsic motivation. 生物体的基因组 DNA 并不稳定,经常会出现各种各样的可遗传的改变,在子代留下变异的遗传信息。这种可遗传的基因中 DNA 的改变,就成为基因突变( gene mutation )。. AAGCTGGAAGTG. AAGCTGGAAGTG. AAGCT T GAAGTG. AAGCT A GAAGTG. 碱 基 替 换( Base substitution ). 转换 transition G A C T

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Genetic mutations —— Evolution of intrinsic motivation

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  1. Genetic mutations ——Evolution of intrinsic motivation

  2. 生物体的基因组DNA并不稳定,经常会出现各种各样的可遗传的改变,在子代留下变异的遗传信息。这种可遗传的基因中DNA的改变,就成为基因突变( gene mutation )。

  3. AAGCTGGAAGTG AAGCTGGAAGTG AAGCTTGAAGTG AAGCTAGAAGTG 碱 基 替 换(Base substitution) 转换transition G A C T (嘌呤变为另一种嘌呤或嘧啶变为另一种嘧啶) 碱基替换 颠换transversion A /G T/C (嘌呤变为嘧啶或嘧啶变为嘌呤)

  4. AAGCTGGAAGTG AAGAAGGTCGTG inversion inversion

  5. translocation

  6. AAGCTGGAAGTG ATGGAAAGCGTG translocation

  7. insertion AAGCTGGAAGTG AAGCTG GTG

  8. AGCTGGAAGTG CTGGAAGT AGCTGGTG CTGGAAGAAGT

  9. Base conversion Base substitution Base transversion Base sequence change Base arrangement change(Inversion and translocation ) Genetic mutations insert missing Base number change repeat

  10. insert missing repeat inversion translocation

  11. 同义突变(same sense mutation) 是指DNA组成变了,但密码子没有改变,或密码子虽然不同,但编码产生同一种氨基酸,这种突变又称中性突变。 错义突变(missense mutation) 是指DNA组成改变使编码一种氨基酸的密码子改变成编码另一种氨基酸的密码子。 无义突变(nonsense mutation) 是指某一碱基的替换使氨基酸密码子变为终止密码,可过早地终止转录,形成无活性的肽链。

  12. Hemoglobin disease, cure cell anaemia

  13. 移码突变(frameshift mutation) DNA链上插入或缺失一个或几个核苷酸,使下游密码子阅读框发生变化,导致在插入或缺失部位以后的编码发生相应的改变。 终止密码突变(termination codon mutation) 当DNA分子中一个终止密码发生突变,成为编码氨基酸的密码子时,多肽链的合成将继续进行下去,肽链延长直到遇到下一个终止密码子时方停止,因而形成了延长的异常肽链。这种突变又称为延长突变(elongtion mutation)。 沉默突变(silent mutation) 仅改变表达产物中的单个氨基酸,对蛋白质的生理功能没有影响的点突变。 是形成蛋白质多态性的主要原因。

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