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Molecules of Life

Molecules of Life. Chapter 2. Chemistry of Life. Living things are made of 5 main atoms Carbon , Hydrogen Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus. Organic Molecules. Organic molecules have carbon Carbon is able to form strong covalent bonds. Inorganic molecules.

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Molecules of Life

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  1. Molecules of Life Chapter 2

  2. Chemistry of Life • Living things are made of 5 main atoms • Carbon, Hydrogen Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

  3. Organic Molecules Organic molecules have carbon Carbon is able to form strong covalent bonds

  4. Inorganic molecules Inorganic molecules USUALLY do not have carbon. i.e. H2O, NaCl Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the exception. It has carbon but is inorganic

  5. Macromolecules • “Large” molecule • Formed by monomers (small molecules) bonding together • Large molecule with many monomers is a polymer

  6. There are four main macromolecules in living things • Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

  7. Carbohydrates Sugars and starches Made of 3 atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Most carbs. have a C1:H2:O1 ratio (1:2:1)

  8. Carbs. Monosaccharides are the monomer. Simple Sugars Glucose (C6H12O6)

  9. Carbs. Monosaccharides bond together to form Polysaccharides

  10. Carbos. have two main functions. 1. Usable (short-term) Energy storage 2. Structure and support

  11. Cellular Energy Sugars (monosaccharides) are usable energy for cells. (glucose, fructose, sucrose) Glucose most common sugar in cells

  12. Energy Storage Polysaccharides provide short term energy storage. Plants use starch (in roots and stems) Animals store glycogen in the liver.

  13. Structural Support Polysaccharides can also support both plants and animals. Cellulose is in the cell wall of plant cells to make them stronger. (indigestible)

  14. Structural Support Chitin is a polysaccharide used in the exoskeletons of insects and crabs

  15. LIPIDS • Fats, oils, and waxes

  16. Lipids Uses: • Long term energy storage. Six times more energy storage than carbohydrates. (fats, oils, waxes)

  17. Lipids Uses: 2. Cellular Membranes- phospholipids 3. Chemical Messengers- steroids and cholesterol

  18. Basic Fatty Acid Chain

  19. H O H H H C C C C C H H O H H H H

  20. Long carbon chain (16-24C) H H H H C C C C H H H H H

  21. Fat Types • Fatty acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or polyunsaturated.

  22. Saturated Fats • Saturated fats have only single bonds between the carbons on the long fatty acid chains.

  23. Saturated Fats H H H O H H H H H C C C C C C C C C H O H H H H H H H H

  24. Saturated Fats • Found in animals • Solid at room temperature • Taste good but bad for you (heart disease)

  25. Unsaturated Fats • Unsaturated fats have one double bond between two of the carbons on the long carbon chain of the fatty acid.

  26. Unsaturated Fats H H O H H H C C C C C C C C O H H H H H H

  27. Polyunsaturated Fats • Polyunsaturated fats have two or more double bonds between the carbons on the long carbon chain of the fatty acid.

  28. Polyunsaturated Fats H H O H H H C C C C C C C C O H H H H H

  29. Unsat. & PolyunsatFats • Found in plants • Called oils • Liquid at room temperature • Better for you, but don’t taste as good.

  30. Phospholipids • Phospholipids are special lipids that make up cellular membranes. • Phospholipids are made of two fatty acid chains attached to a phosphate group.

  31. Phospholipids • Phosphate • Head • Fatty Acid • Chains

  32. Phospholipids • Phospholipids are found in a bilayer (two layers). • The long carbon chains face the middle and the phosphate groups face the outsides.

  33. Phospholipids

  34. NUCLEIC ACIDS

  35. Nucleic Acids • Nucleic Acids have two main functions- • Genetic material for all life forms (DNA, RNA) • Energy for all life forms (ATP)

  36. Nucleic Acids The monomer for a nucleic acid is a nucleotide.

  37. Nucleic Acids Nucleotides made of three parts • phosphate group • 5 carbon (pentose) sugar • Nitrogenous Base

  38. PROTEINS

  39. Proteins • When you look at someone, the main things you see are proteins. • Proteins do many jobs for living things

  40. Protein Functions • Structure- found in hair, horns and spider’s silk. • Transport- moving materials • Defense- antibodies • Enzymes- helping chemical reactions

  41. Amino Acids • Proteins are made of smaller molecules called amino acids. R O H C C N H H O H

  42. Amino Acids R O H C C N H H O H Amine Group (NH2) Carboxyl Group (COOH)

  43. Amino Acids • A protein is made of up to a few hundred amino acids bonded together. • The bonds between amino acids are Peptide bonds

  44. R O R O H H C C N C C N H O H H O H H H H2O

  45. R R O O H H C C C C N N H O H H H Peptide Bond

  46. Amino Acids Peptide Bond

  47. The long chain of amino acids are called polypeptide chains

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