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CHAPTER 3  THE MOLECULES OF CELLS

CHAPTER 3  THE MOLECULES OF CELLS. 3.1  Molecular Diversity Objectives: 1) Be able to describe the importance of the diversity of carbon as it relates to living organisms. I. Carbon A. # 6 on the periodic table of elements B. Has 4 electrons in its outer energy level.

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CHAPTER 3  THE MOLECULES OF CELLS

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  1. CHAPTER 3 THE MOLECULES OF CELLS 3.1 Molecular Diversity Objectives: 1) Be able to describe the importance of the diversity of carbon as it relates to living organisms I. Carbon A. # 6 on the periodic table of elements B. Has 4 electrons in its outer energy level 1. Capable of sharing 4 electrons a. Can form 4 covalent bonds w/ 4 other elements or w/ other carbons C. Bond types 1. Single bond 2. Double bond D. Most closely associated with living things E. Isomers 1. Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures 2. Although similar they may not function the same Isomers

  2. 3.3 Macromolecules Objectives: 1) Be able to distinguish between monomers and polymers. 2) Be able to describe how polymers are made 3) Be able to describe how polymers are broken down I. Organic compounds A. Carbon-based molecules B. What are they? 1. Molecules w/ carbon-carbon bonds C. Small organic molecules (monomers) join together to form more complex molecules (polymers) 1. All organisms are composed of 4 major classes of polymers Lipid Nucleic Acid Protein Carbohydrate

  3. 2. Each class of Polymers (macromolecules) are composed of long chains of carbon w/ nearly identical subunits a. Subunits 1. The other elements attached to the carbon chain b. The differ only by their subunits

  4. II. Making polymers A. Dehydration reaction 1. A reaction in which a molecule of water (H2O) is removed from 2 monomers a. Each monomer contributes to the H2O molecule b. In other words, a molecule of H2O is created in the reaction III. Breaking polymers A. Hydrolysis 1. A reaction in which a molecule of H2O is added between 2 monomers a. Each monomer receives a portion of the H2O molecule b. In other words, a molecule of H2O is consumed in the reaction Dehydration

  5. 3.4-3.7 Carbohydrates Objectives: 1) Define what a carbohydrate is 2) Be able to describe the characteristics of a monosaccharide and state their importance to life 3) Define polysaccharide and describe their functions 4) Be able to distinguish between a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide I. 3.4-Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates A. Carbohydrates 1. Class of organic molecules ranging from simple sugars (table sugar) to complex sugars (starch) B. Monosaccharides 1. Functions a. Primary energy source 1. Bonds store a considerable amount of energy b. Building blocks for more complex sugars like disaccharides & polysaccharides as well as other compounds w/in cells a. By what process? 2. In a ratio of 1C, 2H, 1O (CH2O)

  6. 5. For example a. C6H12O6 Glucose a. Most common monosaccharides b. Central importance in the chemistry of life Fructose Glucose b. C6H12O6 Fructose

  7. II. 3.5-Disaccharides A. 2 monosaccharides combine to form 1. By what process? III. 3.7-Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units A. Polymers of monosaccharides linked together 1. By what process? B. Functions 1. Utilized for sugar storage a. Insoluble in water 1. Allows for their storage in the body 2. Energy source 3. Structure & support

  8. 5. Starch & Glycogen are both complex carbo’s a. Starch 1. Polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers bonded together in a straight line b. Glycogen 1. Short term storage form of glucose in animals 2. Long branched chains of glucose

  9. 6. Cellulose provides structural support a. A polysaccharide of glucose linked in a way that most animals cannot break down b. Provides structural support in plants

  10. 3.8-3.9 Lipids Objectives: 1) Be able to distinguish between lipids and fats 2) Be able to distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats 3) Define what a phospholipid is and its importance in living organisms 4) Be able to state the functions of lipids I. 3.8-Fats are lipids that are mostly energy storage molecules A. Lipids 1. Organic macromolecules that are insoluble in water a. Hydrophobic 2. Composed of mainly carbon & hydrogen linked by nonpolar covalent bonds

  11. B. Fats (Triglycerides) 1. A specific type of lipid made from a glycerol molecule and fatty acid molecules a. Fatty acids are just long chains of carbon & hydrogens linked together by nonpolar covalent bonds 1. Causes fats to be hydrophobic 2. Oils a. Liquid fats 3. Serve 2 functions a. Main function is energy storage 1. contains twice as much energy/gram than polysaccharides b. Protection

  12. 4. Can be saturated or unsaturated a. Saturated fats 1. Fatty acids with the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbon skeleton 2. “Bad” fat b. Unsaturated fats 1. Fatty acids that do not have the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbon skeleton a. One or more double bonds exists in the fatty acid 1. Causes the fatty acid to “kink” or “bend” 2. Prevents the fat from solidifying at room temperature

  13. II. 3.9-Phospholipids A. Structurally similar to fats except only have 2 fatty acids instead of 3 1. Third fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate 2. This structure gives phospholipids unique properties a. A hydrophobic tail (fatty acids) and a hydrophilic head (phosphate) B. Major component of cell membranes

  14. 3.11-3.13 Proteins Objectives: 1) Be able to explain the structure of proteins 2) Be able to explain at least 4 functions of proteins 3) Be able to explain the importance of a proteins 3-dimensional shape 4) Be able to explain the function of enzymes I. 3.11-Proteins are essential to the structures and functions of life A. What is a protein? 1. A polymer constructed from amino acid (AA) monomers 2. Organic compounds composed mainly of C, H, O, & N B. What role do proteins play in living organisms 1. Enzymes are the most important role a. Proteins the act as catalysts 1. Chemical compounds that speed up & regulate chemical reactions in cells 2. Structural, Contractile, Defensive, Signal, Receptor, Transport, Storage II. 3.12-Proteins are made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds A. All living things use the same 20 AA 1. Thousands of different proteins can be made a. Similar to 26 letters making thousands of words B. The arrangement of AA determines the type & function of a protein

  15. C. A dehydration reaction combines AA forming a peptide bond 1. Creates dipeptides or polypeptides 2. What type of reaction will break the peptide bond? III. 3.13-A protein’s specific shape determines its function A. AA sequence determines a proteins 3-D shape and thus it’s very specific function 1. It’s easiest to think of proteins as a “lock-n-key” concept B. Denaturation is the disruption of this 3-D shape 1. Heat & pH are 2 things that can cause 3.16 Nucleic Acids are information-rich polymers of nucleotides Objectives: 1) Be able to explain the structure and function of nucleic acids I. 3.16-Nucleic acids are information-rich polymers of nucleitides A. Nucleic Acids 1. Contain genetic information 2. 2 types of nucleic acids a. DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) 1. Your genes b. RNA (RiboNucleic Acid) 1. Involved in making copies of your genes, which in turn assemble AA to make proteins

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