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WEB. #1 (pages 714-717) 1) astronomers 2) energy 3) wavelength 4) atom 5) nucleus

Tools of Astronomy ch. 21 grade 6 science. WEB. #1 (pages 714-717) 1) astronomers 2) energy 3) wavelength 4) atom 5) nucleus 6) protons 7) neutrons 8) electrons* 9) matter WEB #2 1) electromagnetic spectrum 2) wavelengths 3) frequency 4) radio waves 5) infrared*

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WEB. #1 (pages 714-717) 1) astronomers 2) energy 3) wavelength 4) atom 5) nucleus

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  1. Tools of Astronomy ch. 21 grade 6 science WEB. #1 (pages 714-717) 1) astronomers 2) energy 3) wavelength 4) atom 5) nucleus 6) protons 7) neutrons 8) electrons* 9) matter WEB #2 1) electromagnetic spectrum 2) wavelengths 3) frequency 4) radio waves 5) infrared* 6) ultraviolet 7) x-rays* 8) gamma rays* 9) visible light 10) ROYBIV 11) prism WEB. #3 (pages 718-720) 1) refracting telescope 2) convex lens 3) Galileo 4) Yerkes Telescope 5) objective 6) eyepiece 7) focal length 8) body tube 9) astronomical telescope 10). focus knob WEB. #4 (pages 718-720) 1) Newton 2) reflecting telescope 3) Hale Telescope 4) Keck Telescope 5) objective mirror 6) concave 7) secondary (flat) mirror 8) spider 9) multiple mirror telescope 10) Mt. Palomar WEB. #5 (pages 720- 1) Hubble Space Telescope 2) spectrograph 3) star’s spectrum 4) hydrogen 5) helium 6) Doppler effect* 7) red shift 8) blue shift 9) element lines

  2. Tools of Astronomy ch. 21 grade 6 science ASTRONOMY: THE STUDY OF OBJECTS IN SPACE • ASTRONOMERS: SCIENTISTS WHO STUDY SPACE • OUR INFORMATION ABOUT SPACE RELIES ON ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY • ENERGY: ABILITY TO CAUSE A CHANGE IN SOMETHING • ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY: ENERGY IN THE FORM OF WAVES • ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: SEQUENCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGIES • ENERGY FORMED BY THE INTERACTION OF ATOMS 1.

  3. MATTER AND ATOMS  ATOMS: SMALLEST, MOST BASIC UNITOF ALL MATTER ATOMS HAVE A TINY NUCLEUS AT THE CENTER OF ATOM • PROTONS : (+) POSITIVELY CHARGED PARTICLE IN NUCLEUS • NEUTRONS : NO CHARGE, NEUTRAL PARTICLE IN NUCLEUS  NEGATIVE ELECTRONS (-) ORBIT NUCLEUS, MUCH SMALLER  TYPE OF ATOM THE RESULT OF THE NUMBER OF PROTONS  MATTER: MADE OF ATOMS, TAKES UP SPACE AND HAS MASS 2.

  4. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM MADE OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF WAVE ENERGY • DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS ARE DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY • WAVELENGTHS: DISTANCE FROM ONE WAVE CREST (TOP) TO THE NEXT • LONGEST WAVELENGTHS HAVE LOW NUMBERS (FREQUENCY) • FREQUENCY: HOW MANY WAVES PER SECOND • SHORTER WAVELENGTHS (HIGH FREQUENCY) HAVE HIGHER ENERGY 3.

  5. ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY: ENERGY FROM THE ELECTRONS OF ATOMS RADIO WAVES: LOW ENERGY, LONGER WAVELENGTH PART OF SPECTRUM INFRARED (THERMAL) ENERGY: HEAT ENERGY, BETWEEN RADIO / LIGHT • ULTRAVIOLET ENERGY: SHORTER THAN LIGHT, DAMAGE SKIN, HIGHER ENERGY • X-RAYS: SHORT, HIGH ENERGY WAVES THAT CAN INSIDE THE BODY GAMMA RAYS: VERY SHORT WAVELENGTHS, HIGHEST ENERGY 4.

  6. VISIBLE LIGHT: ENERGY IN MIDDLE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM • SPECTRUM COLORSALWAYS THE SAME ( ROYGBIV ) • RED, ORANGE, YELLOW, GREEN, BLUE, INDIGIO, VIOLET • YELLOW LIGHT (COLOR OF SUN) SEEN BEST BY HUMAN • INFRARED (HEAT) RADIATION BELOW JUST BELOW VISIBLE SPECTRUM • ULTRAVIOLET (CAUSES SUN BURN) ABOVE VISIBLE SPECTRUM 5.

  7. PRISMS CAN FORM A SPECTRUM (RAINBOW) OF COLORS FROMWHITE LIGHT • PRISMS: TRIANGULAR CLEAR GLASS THAT BENDSLIGHT INTO COLORS • COLOR RED IS LOWESTENERGY, VIOLET THE HIGHEST ENERGY • INVISIBLE DROPLETS OF WATER FORM NATURAL RAINBOWS AFTER RAIN • SHAPE OF MICROSCOPIC RAIN DROPLETS CURVED, ACT AS PRISMS • RAINBOWS FORMED WHEN ANGLE OF SUNLIGHT IS EXACTLY 42° 6.

  8. GALILEOCONSTRUCTED 1ST EFFECTIVEREFRACTOR (1609) • REFRACTORSUSE AT LEAST 2 LENSES AND A LONG TUBE • REFRACTOR ADVANTAGES: EASY TO TRANSPORT, STURDY, BRIGHT IMAGES • DISADVANTAGES: EXPENSIVE, DIFFICULT TO MAKE, DISTORT COLOR • GALILEO IS KNOWN AS THE FATHER OF ASTRONOMY • GALILEO’S HAD 2 INCH DIAMETER FRONT CONVEX LENS, 32xMAGNIFICATION • HE SAW SATURN'S RINGS, JUPITER'S MOONS, SUNSPOTS, PHASES OF VENUS • LARGEST TODAY: 100 YR. OLD 40"YERKESTELESCOPE IN WILLIAMS BAY, WISC. 7.

  9. REFRACTING TELESCOPES: USES CONVEX LENSES (CURVED, THICKER IN MIDDLE) • OBJECTIVELENS: LARGER, FRONT LENS, COLLECTS LIGHT, FORMS IMAGE • EYEPIECE: DETERMINES IMAGE QUALITY AND MAGNIFICATION • LENSES HAVE DIFFERENT FOCAL LENGTHS (DISTANCE TO FOCUS) • MAGNIFICATION: OBJECTIVE FOCAL LENGTH (F.L.) DIVIDED BY EYEPIECE F.L. • BODY TUBE: HOLDS THE LENSES • ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPESINVERT, REVERSE IMAGES 8.

  10. ISAAC NEWTON BUILT 1ST REFLECTOR IN 1668 • REFLECTORS USE A LARGE MIRROR AS AN OBJECTIVE (COLLECTS LIGHT) • ADVANTAGES: LARGER, LESS EXPENSIVE, GIVE TRUE COLORS • DISADVANTAGES: DELICATE, OPTICS GET DIRTY, NEED ADJUSTMENTS • LARGEST OPTICAL TELESCOPES ARE REFLECTORS • 200 INCHHALE TELESCOPE AT MOUNT PALOMAR IN CALIFORNIA • KECK TWINMULTIPLEMIRRORTELESCOPES (HAWAII) LARGEST 9.

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  13. STRUCTURE OF REFLECTOR • USES A CURVED MIRROR AS AN OBJECTIVE (TO COLLECT LIGHT) • OBJECTIVE MIRROR( PRIMARY) FOUND AT THE “BOTTOM” OF THE BODY TUBE • CONCAVE OBJECTIVE MIRROR (CURVED INWARD), BENDS LIGHT TO FOCUS • SPIDER: HOLDS SMALLER SECONDARY MIRROR • SECONDARY MIRROR: REFLECTS LIGHT TO EYEPIECE • SECONDARYMIRRORBLOCKS SOME LIGHT, DIMS IMAGE • BODY TUBE HOLDS COMPONENTS • EYEPIECE, FOCUSER AT THE SIDE OF BODY TUBE 10.

  14. OPTICAL AND DIGITAL CAMERAS IN ASTRONOMY • GREATER AMOUNTS OF LIGHT INCREASE CLARITY AND DETAIL • CAMERAS CAN ACCUMULATE LIGHT LIGHT OVER LONG TIMES • THE EYE COLLECTS LIGHT FOR A FRACTION OF A SECOND • TELESCOPES COLLECT LIGHT BY THEIR OBJECTIVE SIZE • CAMERAS COLLECT LIGHT BY COLLECTING LIGHT FOR LONG TIMES • DIGITAL CAMERAS AND COMPUTERS CAN COLLECT THOUSANDS OF IMAGES • IMAGES ARE OVER-LAYERED AND UNWANTED INTERFERENCE REMOVED • THEY DIGITALLY ENHANCE VISIBLE DETAIL 11.

  15. RADIO TELESCOPES USE HUGE DISHES TO COLLECT RADIO WAVES • STRUCTURE: HUGE WIRE OR COMPOSITE DISH WITH RECEIVER AT FOCUS • CAN BE USED TOGETHER IN COMPUTERIZED GROUPS CALLEDARRAYS • ADVANTAGES: 1) DETECT MOST DISTANT OBJECTS, 2) DETECTS THROUGH CLOUDS 3) CAN BE USED DAY OR NIGHT, 4) CAN BE MADE EXTREMELY LARGE, 5) CAN BE MADE OF WIRE MESH OR METAL • DISADVANTAGES: IMAGE LACKS DETAIL DUE TO LENGTH OF RADIO WAVES • LARGEST SINGLE DISH: ARECIBO IN PUERTO RICO (1,000 FT) 12.

  16. SPECIALIZED TELESCOPES USED FOR DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE SPECTRUM • INFRARED (heat rays), ULTRAVIOLET(tanning, burning rays), X-RAY TELESCOPES • SPACECRAFTVIEW EARTH , EXPLORE PLANETS AND OBSERVE DEEP SPACE • MARSSURVEYOR RECENTLY LANDED ON MARS, SENT BACK IMAGES • HUBBLE  SPACE TELESCOPE : REFLECTING TELESCOPE IN EARTH ORBIT • HAS A 2.4 METER (120 INCH) MIRROR • HAS SUPPLIED MANY OF THE MOST DETAILED IMAGES OF SPACE • HAS DETECTED PLANETS OUTSIDE OUR SOLAR SYSTEM • NEARING THE END OF ITS 20 YEAR OPERATION 13.

  17. SPECTROGRAPH: PICTURE OF SPECTRA FROM OBJECTS IN SPACE • THE SPECTRUM OF STARS USED FOR COMPOSITION, DISTANCE, TEMPERATURE • TEMPERATURE: HOTWHITE-BLUE WHITE, COOLER OBJECTS REDDISH • COMPOSITION: THE "FINGERPRINTS" OF ELEMENTS CAN BE SEEN • MOST STARS ABOUT 73% HYDROGEN, 25% HELIUM • DARK ELEMENT LINES RELATED TO A STAR'S TEMPERATURE, COMPOSITION • DISTANCE BY THE COLOR SHIFT DUE TO THE DOPPLER EFFECT 14.

  18. DOPPLER EFFECT: SHIFT IN WAVES DUE TO FAST MOVEMENT • AFFECTS BOTH SOUND AND LIGHT • SOUND: COMPRESSION WAVES, PITCHES CHANGE WITH MOTION • MOVING TOWARD LISTENER, PITCH IS HIGHER • MOVING AWAY FROMLISTENER, PITCH IS LOWER • LIGHT: COLOR CHANGES WITH MOTION • AWAY FROM EARTH: COLORS SHIFTED RED AS WAVES ARE STRETCHED • MOVING TOWARD EARTH SHOW A BLUE SHIFT AND WAVES COMPRESS 15.

  19. http://www.asterism.org-tutorials-gifs-rshft06.jpg.url http://www.astrosurf.org-iombry-Images-ti-spectroscope.jpg http://www.dundee.ac.uk-museum-spectroscope.jpg.url http://www.physics.ncsu.edu-cou rses-astron-dopplerPY124.g if.url http://chinook.kpc.alaska.edu- ifafv-Iecture-miscell-fraunhof-5500.jpg.url http://www.prenhaII.com-petrucci-media Iib-med ia_portfolio- text- images- FG09_15aC,J PG. url http:online.cctt.org-physicslab-content-Phyl-Iesson notes-atom ie-com parisonspectra. Gif http--spaceinfo.jaxa.jp-note-shikumi-g-shil00le.gif. url http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~ulf/rainbow.jp http://www.emb.gov.ph/philozone/images/cycle%20copy.jpg http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP4294.jpg http://www.arpansa.gov.au/images/basics/UV_Beach.jpg http://eucalyptusdeglupta.com/rainbow1.jpg http://primordality.com/Large_convex_lens2.jpg http://seismo.um.ac.ir/ast/links/reflective%20telescopes http://www.astro.virginia.edu/class/oconnell/astr121/im/keck-mirror-ex.jpg http://medicine.ucsd.edu/Molpath/environment_photos/Palomar_telescope_1.jpg http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/history/newton/newton.jpg http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/telescope.gif http://rayvillard.com/photogallery/childhood/telescope.jpg www.3dscience.com/img/Products http://www.tipsfromthetopfloor.com/wp-content/eye.jpg http://www.geocities.com/capecanaveral/launchpad/6625/constels/lyra/m57.gif http://www.airynothing.com/high_energy_tutorial/sources/images/moon_egret.jpg http://www.scrollinondubs.com/images/rotatorCuffXray.jpg Photo Credits: 13.

  20. Archdiocese of Washington Catholic Schools Academic Standards Science Sixth Grade Science The Scientific Enterprise • 6.1.1 Explain that some scientific knowledge, such as the length of the year, is very old and yet is still applicable today. Understand, however, that scientific knowledge is never exempt from review and criticism • 6.1.4 Give examples of employers who hire scientists, such as colleges and universities, businesses and industries, hospitals, and many government agencies. • 6.1.5 Identify places where scientists work, including offices, classrooms, laboratories, farms, factories, and natural field settings ranging from space to the ocean floor. • 6.1.6 Explain that computers have become invaluable in science because they speed up and extend people’s ability to collect, store, compile, and analyze. • 6.1.7 Explain that technology is essential to science for such purposes as access to outer space and other remote locations, sample collection and treatment, measurement, data collection and storage, computation, and communication of information. • 6.2.3 Select tools, such as cameras and tape recorders, for capturing information. • 6.2.4 Inspect, disassemble, and reassemble simple mechanical devices and describe what the various parts are for. Estimate what the effect of making a change in one part of a system is likely to have on the system as a whole. • 6.2.7 Locate information in reference books, back issues of newspapers and magazines, CD-ROMs, and computer databases. Matter and Energy • 6.3.17 Recognize and describe that energy is a property of many objects and is associated with heat, light, electricity, mechanical motion, and sound. Forces of Nature • 6.3.21 Investigate, using a prism for example, that light is made up of a mixture of many different colors of light, even though it is perceived as almost white. • 6.3.22 Demonstrate that vibrations in materials set up wavelike disturbances, such as sound and earthquake waves*, that spread away from the source. Manipulation and Observation • 6.2.3 Select tools, such as cameras and tape recorders, for capturing information. • 6.2.4 Inspect, disassemble, and reassemble simple mechanical devices and describe what the various parts are for. Estimate what the effect of making a change in one part of a system is likely to have on the system as a whole. • 6.6.1 Describe that a system is composed of subsystems. 14.

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