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Urban Growth and Transportation

Urban Growth and Transportation. “ The paved paradise and put up a parking lot. They took all the trees and put them in tree museum. And they charged all the people a dollar and a half just to see them.” Joni Mitchell. Urban Growth and Transportation.

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Urban Growth and Transportation

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  1. Urban Growth and Transportation

  2. “The paved paradise and put up a parking lot. They took all the trees and put them in tree museum. And they charged all the people a dollar and a half just to see them.” Joni Mitchell

  3. Urban Growth and Transportation • Spatial Patterns of Urban Development • Lateral Growth Patterns • Vertical Growth Patterns

  4. Urban Growth and Transportation • Spatial Patterns of Urban Development • Lateral Growth Patterns • Concentric-Circle Model • Sector Model • Multiple-Nuclei Model

  5. Urban Growth and Transportation • Spatial Patterns of Urban Development • Lateral Growth Patterns • Concentric-Circle Model • Growth outward from Central Business District (CBD) • New York City

  6. Concentric-Circle Model of Urban Development

  7. Urban Growth and Transportation • Spatial Patterns of Urban Development • Lateral Growth Patterns • Sector Model • City develops in system of pie-shaped wedges outward from CBD • San Francisco-San Jose

  8. Sector Model of Urban Development

  9. Urban Growth and Transportation • Spatial Patterns of Urban Development • Lateral Growth Patterns • Multiple-Nuclei Model • City develops around number of independent centers or satellite cities • Los Angeles

  10. Multiple Nuclei Model of Urban Development

  11. Urban Growth and Transportation • Spatial Patterns of Urban Development • Vertical Growth • Lack of land available for conversion to urban land • City grows upward • High population density • Hong Kong; Tokyo

  12. Urban Growth and Transportation • Spatial Patterns of Urban Development • Building New Cities and Towns • Satellite towns • Located close to an existing large city • Freestanding new towns • Located far from any major city • In-town new towns • Located in existing urban areas

  13. Urban Growth and Transportation • Spatial Patterns of Urban Development • Building New Cities and Towns • Rarely succeed without enormous financial support • Most fail due to enormous debt load • Reston, VA • Columbia, MD • Las Colinas, TX

  14. Urban Growth and Transportation • Land Conversion and Disruption of Rural Areas • Environmental Impacts • Strain on rural infrastructure • Traffic congestion • Fire and police protection • Water supplies • Wastewater treatment • Crime

  15. Urban Growth and Transportation • Land Conversion and Disruption of Rural Areas • Environmental Impacts • Strain on rural infrastructure • Schools • Noise • Water and air pollution

  16. Urban Growth and Transportation • Land Conversion and Disruption of Rural Areas • Economic Impacts • Increased jobs • Economic growth • Rising prices • Higher property taxes

  17. Urban Growth and Transportation • Transportation and Urban Development • Transportation Options • Individual Transit • Automobiles • Motor Cycles • Bicycles • Mass Transit • Bus • Rail

  18. U.S. Transportation Patterns

  19. U.S. Transportation Patterns

  20. Urban Growth and Transportation • Transportation and Urban Development • Motor Vehicles • 550 million vehicles worldwide • >10X increase in vehicles since 1950 • 89% vehicles are in MDCs

  21. Urban Growth and Transportation • Transportation and Urban Development • Motor Vehicles • United States • 4.8% world population • 36% of all cars in world • Car usage: • 98% of all urban transportation • 85% of all travel between cities • 84% of all travel to and from work

  22. Urban Growth and Transportation • Transportation and Urban Development • Motor Vehicles • U.S. Interstate Highway System • Highways • City-to-city travel • Spurred rapid growth of suburbs

  23. Urban Growth and Transportation • Transportation and Urban Development • Motor Vehicles • Freeways/Beltways • Bypass cities • Spurred suburb-to-suburb travel • Spurred growth of shopping malls

  24. Urban Growth and Transportation • Transportation and Urban Development • Mass Transit • U.S. Trends in Mass Transit • 1945: 24 million riders • 1980: 8 million

  25. Urban Growth and Transportation • Transportation and Urban Development • Mass Transit • Reasons for decreased ridership • Increased use of automobile • Development of dispersed city • Cheap gasoline • Affordable cars • Gasoline taxes used to build highways

  26. Urban Growth and Transportation • Transportation and Urban Development • Mass Transit • Reasons for decreased ridership • Dismantlement of trolley system • 1917 - all major U.S. cities had efficient trolleys or electric streetcars • 1950 - dismantling of privately-owned streetcars by National City Lines (GM, Firestone, Standard Oil)

  27. Urban Growth and Transportation • Transportation and Urban Development • Mass Transit • Reasons for decreased ridership • Huge federal investment in interstate highway system • 64,000 miles of interstate highway • 1/10th of federal gasoline tax goes to mass transit; 9/10 goes to building highways

  28. Urban Growth and Transportation • Transportation and Urban Development • Mass Transit • Reasons for decreased ridership • Federal tax code discriminates against mass transit and those who cycle/walk to work • Employers can deduct the entire expense of providing parking for their workers • Employers get only ~$15 per month tax write-off for employees who take mass transit • Tax benefits for company cars

  29. Urban Growth and Transportation • Transportation and Urban Development • Mass Transit • Rail Systems • Rapid Rail • Operate on exclusive rights-of-ways or on elevated tracks (CTA) • Suburban/Regional Trains • Connect central cities with suburbs (Metra)

  30. Potential Routes for High Speed Bullet Trains

  31. Urban Growth and Transportation • Transportation and Urban Development • Mass Transit • Rail Systems • Streetcars • Move on regular streets with other traffic • Light Rail (trolleys) • Modern version of streetcars

  32. Urban Growth and Transportation • Transportation and Urban Development • Mass Transit • Buses • Cheaper and more flexible than rail systems • Can be easily rerouted within cities to meet changing transportation patterns • Lower operating costs than rail systems • Most energy-efficient approach is use of express buses coupled with park-and-ride

  33. Urban Growth and Transportation • Transportation and Urban Development • Mass Transit • Bicycles • Worldwide: 2X as many bikes as cars • Bike riders can make most trips under 5 miles faster than a car! • Trips < 5 miles comprise 43% of all trips in the U.S.

  34. Urban Growth and Transportation • Transportation and Urban Development • Mass Transit • Bicycles • U.S. - 2% of all commuters to and from work ride bikes • Netherlands - 30% of all urban trips are made using bikes

  35. Urban Growth and Transportation • Transportation and Urban Development • Mass Transit • Bicycles • Ways to increase bicycle use • Building well-maintained/well-lit paths • Widening shoulders on major highways • Providing bicycle lockers and racks on mass transit • Establishing bike-carrying buses

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