U.S. History

1. U.S. History Chapter 17 The Progressive Era Mr. Campbell

2. The Origins of Progressivism Progressive Movement: which aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life. Four Goals of Progressivism • Protecting social welfare • Promoting moral improvement • Creating economic reform • Fostering efficiency

3. Protecting Social Welfare • Groups like the YMCA and Salvation Army fed poor people, cared for children, opened libraries, sponsored classes and open recreational facilities for the youth. • This was to ease the burden of the poor and those living in urban areas. • Florence Kelley-advocate for women and children. Helped to pass the Illinois Factory Act (1893)-stopped child labor, limited women’s working hours.

4. Promoting Moral Improvement • Prohibition:the banning of alcoholic beverages • Many felt that alcohol was undermining American morals, also by prohibiting alcohol immigrants/poor can improve behavior/economic status • Women’s Christian Temperance Union/Anti-Saloon League-entered saloons praying, singing, and tried to get men to stop drinking.

5. Creating Economic Reform • Eugene V. Debs-labor leader, who spoke out against big business/government relationship with each other • Muckrakers:journalist who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in mass circulation magazines in the early 20th century • Ida B. Tarbell: spoke out against John Rockefeller and his Standard Oil Company’s corruption

6. Fostering Efficiency • Fredrick Winslow Taylor (scientific management) began using time and motion studies to improve efficiency by breaking manufacturing tasks into simpler parts. • Henry Ford pioneered the large-scale use of the assembly line.

7. Reform Mayors • Hazan Pingree (Detroit, Michigan): instituted a fairer tax structure, lowered fares for public transportation, rooted out corruption, helped workers who were unemployed • Tom Johnson (Cleveland, Ohio): focused on dismissing corrupt and greedy private owners of utilities-also believed that citizens should play an active role in government

8. Labor Laws/Cases • Keating-Own Act 1916: prohibited the transportation across state lines of goods produced with child labor. • Muller v. Oregon 1908: upheld Oregon law for a 10-hour workday for women • Bunting v. Oregon 1917: upheld a 10-hour workday for men

9. Reforming Elections/Amendments • Initiative: a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers to be on the ballot • Referendum: a vote on the initiative • Recall: enabled voters to remove public officials from office by forcing them into another election before their term ends. • Seventeenth Amendment (1913): direct election of U.S. Senators

10. Women in Public Life • 1896, National Association of Colored Women (NACW) was founded—they managed nurseries, reading rooms, and kindergartens. • Susan B. Anthony, was a leader in the woman suffrage (right to vote) movement.

11. Three Part Strategy for Women Suffrage • Tried to convince state legislatures to grant women the right to vote. • Women pursued court cases to test the 14th Amendment—granted all male citizens the right to vote (women are citizens too?) • Pushed for a national constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote

12. The Jungle • Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle investigated the sickening conditions of the meatpacking industry • His account in the book led to changes in the meat industry as well as in businesses period.

13. Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal • Theodore Roosevelt became the youngest President (42 yrs. Old) when President McKinley was assassinated. • Roosevelt saw the presidency as a “bully pulpit,” from which he could influence the news media and shape legislation. • Square Deal: Roosevelt’s progressive programs designed to protect the common people from big businesses. • Know as the “trustbuster” (break-up big businesses—monopolies.)

14. Important Legislations • Elkins Act 1903: made it illegal for railroad officials to give, and shippers to receive, rebates for using particular railroads. Could not change rates without telling the public • Hepburn Act 1906: strictly limited the distribution of free railroad passes (form of bribery). Gave ICC power to set railroad rates

15. Meat Inspection Act 1906: dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created the program of federal meat inspection. • Pure Food and Drug Act 1906: halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth labeling.

16. Conservation Measures • Gifford Pinchot was head of the U.S. Forest Service, advised Roosevelt to conserve forest and grazing lands by keeping large tracts of federal land exempt from private sale.

17. Civil Rights under Roosevelt • Roosevelt did little to help blacks or support civil rights for blacks. He did support some black leaders he agreed with. • Booker T. Washington: blacks accepts segregation, improve themselves through vocational training and economic self-reliance. Whites liked Washington views. • W.E.B. Du Bois: a founder of the NAACP in 1909, believed in the immediate equality for blacks socially and economically

18. Wilson’s New Freedom • Carrie Chapman Catt-leader of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, saw Woodrow Wilson’s election as a victory for women’s suffrage. • Wilson’s “New Freedom” program was an attack on the triple wall of privilege (trusts, tariffs, and high finance)

19. Legislations Under Wilson • Clayton Antitrust Act 1914: protected the rights of labor unions and farm organizations, also certain monopolistic business practices became illegal • Federal Trade Commission 1914 (FTC): federal agency to investigate and stop unfair business practices • Sixteenth Amendment: legalized a graduated federal income tax

20. Federal Reserve Act of 1913: divided the nation into 12 districts and established a regional central bank in each district. • Federal Reserve System: national banking system, controls the U.S. money supply and the availability of credit in the country • Nineteenth Amendment: ratified in 1920, gives women the right to vote