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The Auditory Pathway

The Auditory Pathway. This graphic depicts the events in the stimulation of auditory receptors, from channeling sound waves into the external ear and onto the TM, to the transduction of those vibrations into local receptor potentials. Stapes vibrating in oval window. Stapes vibrating

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The Auditory Pathway

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  1. The Auditory Pathway • This graphic depicts the events in the stimulation of auditory receptors, from channeling sound waves into the external ear and onto the TM, to the transduction of those vibrations into local receptor potentials

  2. Stapes vibrating in oval window Stapes vibrating in oval window Stapes vibrating in oval window Stapes vibrating in oval window Stapes vibrating in oval window Stapes vibrating in oval window Stapes vibrating in oval window Stapes vibrating in oval window Stapes vibrating in oval window Incus Incus Incus Incus Incus Incus Incus Incus Incus Malleus Malleus Malleus Malleus Malleus Malleus Malleus Malleus Malleus Cochlea Cochlea Cochlea Cochlea Cochlea Cochlea Cochlea Cochlea Cochlea Helicotrema Helicotrema Helicotrema Helicotrema Helicotrema Helicotrema Helicotrema Helicotrema Helicotrema Sound waves Sound waves Sound waves Sound waves Sound waves Sound waves Sound waves Sound waves Sound waves Perilymph Perilymph Perilymph Perilymph Perilymph Perilymph Perilymph Perilymph Perilymph Scala tympani Scala tympani Scala tympani Scala tympani Scala tympani Scala tympani Scala tympani Scala tympani Scala tympani 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 8 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 4 4 Scala vestibuli Scala vestibuli Scala vestibuli Scala vestibuli Scala vestibuli Scala vestibuli Scala vestibuli Scala vestibuli Scala vestibuli 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 Basilar membrane Basilar membrane Basilar membrane Basilar membrane Basilar membrane Basilar membrane Basilar membrane Basilar membrane Basilar membrane 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 External auditory canal External auditory canal External auditory canal External auditory canal External auditory canal External auditory canal External auditory canal External auditory canal External auditory canal 8 8 Spiral organ (organ of Corti) Spiral organ (organ of Corti) Spiral organ (organ of Corti) Spiral organ (organ of Corti) Spiral organ (organ of Corti) Spiral organ (organ of Corti) Spiral organ (organ of Corti) Spiral organ (organ of Corti) Spiral organ (organ of Corti) Tectorial membrane Tectorial membrane Tectorial membrane Tectorial membrane Tectorial membrane Tectorial membrane Tectorial membrane Tectorial membrane Tectorial membrane Vestibular membrane Vestibular membrane Vestibular membrane Vestibular membrane Vestibular membrane Vestibular membrane Vestibular membrane Vestibular membrane Vestibular membrane Cochlear duct (contains endolymph) Cochlear duct (contains endolymph) Cochlear duct (contains endolymph) Cochlear duct (contains endolymph) Cochlear duct (contains endolymph) Cochlear duct (contains endolymph) Cochlear duct (contains endolymph) Cochlear duct (contains endolymph) Cochlear duct (contains endolymph) Tympanic membrane Tympanic membrane Tympanic membrane Tympanic membrane Tympanic membrane Tympanic membrane Tympanic membrane Tympanic membrane Tympanic membrane Secondary tympanic membrane vibrating in round window Secondary tympanic membrane vibrating in round window Secondary tympanic membrane vibrating in round window Secondary tympanic membrane vibrating in round window Secondary tympanic membrane vibrating in round window Secondary tympanic membrane vibrating in round window Secondary tympanic membrane vibrating in round window Secondary tympanic membrane vibrating in round window Secondary tympanic membrane vibrating in round window Middle ear Middle ear Middle ear Middle ear Middle ear Middle ear Middle ear Middle ear Middle ear Auditory tube Auditory tube Auditory tube Auditory tube Auditory tube Auditory tube Auditory tube Auditory tube Auditory tube

  3. The Auditory Pathway • The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are located in the spiral ganglia. Nerve impulses pass along the axons of these neurons, which form the cochlear branch of the vestibulo- cochlear (VIII) nerve

  4. The Auditory Pathway • The nerve impulses follow CN VIII en route to the medulla, pons, midbrain, and thalamus, and finally to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe. Slight differences in the timing of nerve impulses arriving from the two ears at the superior olivary nuclei in the pons allow us to locate the source of a sound

  5. Equilibrium • Equilibrium is another function of the inner ear - controlled by the vestibular apparatus (the saccule and utricle of the vestibule, and the 3 semicircular canals) • Static equilibrium refers to a state of balance relative to the force of gravity • Dynamic equilibrium involves the maintenance of balance during sudden movements

  6. Static Equilibrium • Static equilibrium is controlled by the sensory hairs within the macula of the utricle and saccule

  7. The Inner Ear • Movements of the hair cells in contact with the tectorial membrane transduce mechanical vibrations into electrical signals which generate nerve impulses along the cochlear branch of CN VIII

  8. Static Equilibrium • An otolithic membrane, studded with dense calcium carbonate crystals (otoliths), responds to gravity when head position is changed • This movement opens transduction channels in the hair cells, producing local potentials which summate to form nerve AP

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