New Directions in Foreign Policy

1. New Directions in Foreign Policy a detailed exposition

2. Young America • Big Stick Diplomacy • Theodore Roosevelt’s Policy • Expresses the idea of peaceful negotiation implemented by some form of force • America becomes a Militarily strong nation from this idealism • Panama Canal • Roosevelt negotiates with Columbia to build a canal • Columbia is uncooperative • America’s Navy supports a revolution to separate Panama • Financial benefits are given to Panama to stay independent • $10 million along with $250,000 annually

4. Not as Young America • Dollar Diplomacy • Encouraged by President Taft • Originally implemented by Roosevelt in 1904 • A strategy that opened foreign markets by providing economic stability • Loans were backed in foreign countries to promote economic activity • Latin America and East Asia • Designed to exclusively promote trade for America • Led the U.S. to take up many Latin American debts to avoid any intervening from other countries • Monroe doctrine, U.S. felt responsible to watch over these countries

5. “This policy has been characterized as substituting dollars for bullets. It is one that appeals alike to idealistic humanitarian sentiments, to the dictates of sound policy and strategy, and to legitimate commercial aims.” -William Taft 1912 State of the Union address

6. America • Thomas Woodrow Wilson • (December 28, 1856 - February 3, 1924) • 28th President of the United States • Elected in 1912 • Democratic Party • Opposed: William Taft (Republican), Eugene Debs (Party of America), Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive Party) • Extremely Productive • Legislature activity included Federal reserve Act, Federal Trade Commission Act, Child Labor, & Women’s Suffrage

8. America & Wilson • Moral Diplomacy • Directly opposed the Imperialistic Big Stick Idealism • Went against sly dollar diplomacy • Wilson declares the government would no longer give special support to foreign investors • American Bankers pull out of Taft’s “Six-nation Loan to China” • Wilson and the Panama Canal • Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912, states America is exempt from tolls on moving goods through the canal • Act is repealed in 1914 • Satisfied Britain, because America now had to pay to ship goods like other countries

9. America & Wilson • Moral Diplomacy • Jones Act, 1916 • Grants the Philippines territorial status and independence once a “stable government” was established • Not until July 4th 1946 was Philippine independence given • Issues in California • Californian Legislature established a defensive policy of Japanese immigration • Sparked several protests in Tokyo • Wilson sends Secretary of State, William Jennings Bryan, to encourage changes in the policy which relaxed tensions

10. America Falters • Haiti – An unstable Empire • 1914 the Haitian people rioted and tore their brutal president apart. • In 1915 as a precaution to protect American lives and property, marines were dispatched • They remained for 19 years • Haiti becomes an American protectorate • Wilson is forced to go back on his Moral Diplomacy • Uses The Roosevelt Corollary to make a treaty

11. México • Mexico was exploited • Over 1 billion invested by foreigners • Railroads, oil, mines • Mexico became rich but the Mexicans were poor • Revolution ensued • Escalated when rebels assassinated the popular new revolutionary president • Installed a leader, Victoriano Huerta (Indian) • Accelerated migration to the U.S. to escape the revolution

12. México • American investments plummet • Jingoes pressed for intervention • William Randolf Hearst, ranch owner • Wilson expresses Moral Diplomacy • Fires the Ambassador stationed in Mexico • Imposes arms embargo • Refused to officially recognize Huerta as the government

13. “I am going to teach the South American Republics to elect good men.” -Woodrow Wilson How does this relate to moral diplomacy?

14. México • American arms flow to Huerta’s enemies to weaken the regime. • Venustiano Carranza • Fransisco (Pancho) Villa

15. Tampico Incident • Mexican tensions increased • April of 1914 a small party of American sailors was arrested • Shortly after they were released and Mexico apologized • Wilson becomes upset and orders the Navy to attack the port of Vera Cruz • He acted before congress’ approval

16. Tampico Inncident • Wilson thinks conflict is inevitable • Mediation is offered by Chile, Brazil, and Argentina • Huerta’s regime collapses from external and internal pressures • Replaced by Venustiano Carranza • “Pancho” Villa was discontent with Carranza’s appointment to President • In retaliation Villa executed 16 Americans on a train and 19 civilians in New Mexico

17. Europe • Conflict in Europe caused the war • Alliances cause a chain reaction dragging the world into crisis • Central Powers • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria • Allied Forces • United States, Britain, Russia, France

18. Photo Representation

19. The Great War • Neutrality Proclamation • Wilson encouraged the country to remain neutral on Europe’s matters • Both sides wanted the U.S. involvement • Most Americans were anti-German in the first place • Along with their strike in Belgium which was neutral • Though the country was tempted most Americans Still wanted neutrality

20. Economy • Though the country was neutral American goods were traded with Europe reviving the recession • Germans, however, still destroyed American ships angering America • Lusitania, 128 Americans perished • America clamors for war • Wilson still repels war by politically asserting America’s interests

21. Change in Policy • America becomes involved in the war • Opposite of Neutral Proclamation • America becomes aggressively involved • New directions in foreign policy don’t phase the American People • Full support from the population

22. Review • How does America’s Foreign Policy change in the early 1900’s? • What is the basis of the Jones Act? • Why did Wilson want America to stay neutral during the war?

23. Vielen Dank für Ihre Zeit