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Zoology 8/15 -Embryology quiz 8/20 -Vocab quiz 8/21

Zoology 8/15 -Embryology quiz 8/20 -Vocab quiz 8/21. What do you know about animals? 1. Journal #4 2. Traits of animals notes 3. Animal body plan clay activity-while you are working I will give you your percent on yesterdays test. Journal #4

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Zoology 8/15 -Embryology quiz 8/20 -Vocab quiz 8/21

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  1. Zoology 8/15-Embryology quiz 8/20-Vocab quiz 8/21 What do you know about animals? • 1. Journal #4 • 2. Traits of animals notes • 3. Animal body plan clay activity-while you are working I will give you your percent on yesterdays test

  2. Journal #4 • These very different organisms are both animals. What makes them animals?

  3. CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS

  4. What characteristics do all animals share? 1. Multicellular, eukaryotes 2. Heterotrophs & store food as glycogen 3. Cells w/out cell walls, many have specialized functions 4. Usually have a method of movement at some point in their lives 5. Most reproduce sexually 6. Require oxygen 7. Transformation and development of the zygote controlled by special regulatory genes (Hox genes).

  5. How does a typical animal body develop?

  6. Meiosis in animals occurs in the cells of the reproductive organs (gonads: ovaries and testes). Fertilization – sperm (N) fuses with egg (N) to produce zygote (2N). Gametes contain half the number of chromosomes (N, haploid) as the parents’ cells (2N, diploid).

  7. Embryology is the study of the development of the fertilized egg (zygote) through cleavage ( a type of mitotic cell division), and differentiation.

  8. Embryologystudy of development of the embryo 5 major stages.. 1. Gametogenesis: gamete production 2. Fertilization: gamete --> zygote (cell formed from fusion of sperm & egg) 3. Cleavage: Zygote --> Blastula (hollow ball of cells) 4. Gastrulation: Blastula --> Gastrula (cells begin to differentiate into different layers) 5. Organogenesis: Organ Formation (organs form from new cell layers)

  9. Sea Urchin Embryology A1 2 A1. Unfertilized egg. A2. Fertilized egg with fertilization membrane. B. 2-cell stage. C. 8-cell stage. D. 16-cell stage. E. 32-cell stage. F. Blastula stage http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/GENOMICS/method/UrchDev.html

  10. Sea Urchin Embryology Pluteus larvae. Sea urchin develops within a few days. The pluteus larvae swim and feed independently until it settles down and metamorphoses into an adult. http://personal.denison.edu/~romanol/images/Larva.jpg http://www.stanford.edu/group/Urchin/GIFS/bw-pluteus.jpg http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~iws/images/echinoderm/pluteus.jpg

  11. Sea urchin development, from single cell to larva

  12. a. Ectoderm •  becomes nervous system, epidermis of the skin, pituitary, lens of eye b. Mesoderm •  becomes muscles, skeleton, notochord, circulatory system, kidney, reproductive system c.  Endoderm •  becomes lining of digestive tract, liver, pancreas, epithelial lining of lungs, many endocrine glands Cell Differentiation- cells will begin forming tissue layersOrganogenesis- tissue will begin forming organs.

  13. What is the role of Hox genes in animal development? • Growth from embryo to adult is controlled by Hox genes.  • Many genes are the same or similar in all animals.  • The sequence in which they are turned on and off during development causes embryos to develop into different animals.  • For example, the same genes that give rise to dolphins and humans are in both organisms, but the sequence and time in which they are turned on creates either the dolphin or human.

  14. What types of body plans can animals have? • Acoelomates- no body cavity lined with mesoderm. • No place for organs to develop so these are mostly made of a symbiotic group of cells or tissues only • EX: sponges, cnidarians, & flatworms

  15. b. Pseudocoelomates- partial body cavity lined with mesoderm • “Tube within a tube” body plan • EX: roundworms

  16. c. Coelomates- true body cavity lined with mesoderm • EX: all other animals

  17. What are the advantages of having a body cavity (coelom or pseudocoelom): • Fluid in cavity helps distribute food, wastes, hormones, etc. from one end of animal to the other • Better distribution allows animal to grow larger • A place to put things, like new organs

  18. What does an animals symmetry say about its development? Symmetry: balance in body proportions • Asymmetrical: have irregularly shaped bodies, no symmetry

  19. What does an animals symmetry say about its development? b. Radial Symmetry- • Can be divided on any plane & sides are equal. • Parts radiate around central axis (mouth) • No head or tail end. • Advantages: can detect & turn toward prey from any direction. • Disadvantages: no centralization of a nervous system for aggressive movement & food capture. • EX: starfish, jellyfish

  20. What does an animals symmetry say about its development? c. Bilateral Symmetry- • Can be divided on only one plane & each half is a mirror image of the other. • Advantage- Cephalization- concentration of nerves to form a brain in the head end. • EX: most running, crawling, swimming animals

  21. What are some common body systems found in animals? • Digestive • Circulatory • Respiratory • Excretory • Nervous/Sensory • Reproductive

  22. Digestive System • Mechanically & chemically break down food. • Food molecules may be absorbed by blood or body tissue

  23. Circulatory System • Blood or body fluids like lymph are used to circulate oxygen & food molecules to different parts of the body. • Many simple animals do not have blood or lymph

  24. Respiratory System • Method of obtaining oxygen from the external environment and releasing carbon dioxide to the external environment. • Many simple animals or animals that live in moist environments can use simple diffusion • Oxygen is important to help break down food molecules to • release the energy • create new building blocks for body tissue

  25. Excretory System • Collects and releases LIQUID waste from the body. • Can be by diffusion • May use nephridia or kidney to filter blood & remove waste.

  26. Nervous/Sensory System • Collects stimuli from external environment and relays messages to brain or brain-like structures • Ganglion- mass of nerve cells • Cerebral ganglion- mass of nerve cells at anterior end of animal. • Brain- complex, organized cerebral ganglion

  27. Reproductive System • Monoecious- • “mono”- one • “ecious”- house • Both male & female reproductive systems in same animal • Aka- hermaphrodite • Usually do not fertilize themselves (would be like inbreeding) • Dioecious- • “di”- two • “ecious”- houses • Male & female reproductive systems in separate animals

  28. dorsal How do we reference different parts of the animal? anterior posterior Bilateral Animals: a. Anterior/Cephalic- head end b. Posterior/Caudal- tail end c. Ventral- bottom; underneath d. Dorsal- top; on the back e. Medial- near middle • Lateral- away from middle Radial Animals: a. Oral- mouth side b. Aboral- away from mouth (anus side) ventral Aboral Oral

  29. DAILY QUIZ #1 2. Label the picture below using the directional vocabulary you learned last class. Word Bank Dorsal Anterior Caudal Lateral Ventral 1. 3. 5. 4.

  30. Ticket out the door Draw a picture of an animal and label using the following anatomical vocabulary • Dorsal • Ventral • Anterior • Posterior • Lateral • Medial

  31. Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Coelomate

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