Plagiarism & Parenthetical Citation

1. Plagiarism & Parenthetical Citation The purpose of parenthetical citation is to give credit to sources that you use and avoid plagiarism. Basically, in a formal research paper, almost everything is cited, except your introduction and conclusion.

2. What is Plagiarism? • Using another person’s idea, opinion, or theory without giving that person credit for the information is plagiarism. • Using any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings (any pieces of information) that are not common knowledge without crediting their source is plagiarism. • Quoting or paraphrasing another person’s written or spoken words without giving credit to that person is plagiarism.

3. Unacceptable • The rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the expansion of the population were the three great developments of late nineteenth century American history. As new, larger, steam-powered factories became a feature of the American landscape in the East, they transformed farm hands into industrial laborers, and provided jobs for a rising tide of immigrants. With industry came urbanization the growth of large cities (like Fall River, Massachusetts, where the Bordens lived) which became the centers of production as well as of commerce and trade. • Here’s an UNACCEPTABLE paraphrase that is plagiarism: • The increase of industry, the growth of cities, and the explosion of the population were three large factors of nineteenth century America. As steam-driven companies became more visible in the eastern part of the country, they changed farm hands into factory workers and provided jobs for the large wave of immigrants. With industry came the growth of large cities like Fall River where the Bordens lived which turned into centers of commerce and trade as well as production.

4. What makes this passage plagiarism? The preceding passage is considered plagiarism for two reasons: • the writer has only changed around a few words and phrases, or changed the order of the original’s sentences. • the writer has failed to cite a source for any of the ideas or facts. • If you do either or both of these things, you are plagiarizing.

5. Acceptable • The rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the expansion of the population were the three great developments of late nineteenth century American history. As new, larger, steam-powered factories became a feature of the American landscape in the East, they transformed farm hands into industrial laborers, and provided jobs for a rising tide of immigrants. With industry came urbanization the growth of large cities (like Fall River, Massachusetts, where the Bordens lived) which became the centers of production as well as of commerce and trade. • Here’s an ACCEPTABLE paraphrase:Fall River, where the Borden family lived, was typical of northeastern industrial cities of the nineteenth century. Steam-powered production had shifted labor from agriculture to manufacturing, and as immigrants arrived in the US, they found work in these new factories. As a result, populations grew, and large urban areas arose. Fall River was one of these manufacturing and commercial centers (Williams 1).

6. Why is this passage acceptable? • This is acceptable paraphrasing because the writer: • accurately relays the information in the original document. • uses her own words. • lets her reader know the source of her information.

7. Here’s an example of quotation and paraphrase used together, which is also ACCEPTABLE:Fall River, where the Borden family lived, was typical of northeastern industrial cities of the nineteenth century. As steam-powered production shifted labor from agriculture to manufacturing, the demand for workers "transformed farm hands into industrial laborers," and created jobs for immigrants. In turn, growing populations increased the size of urban areas. Fall River was one of these hubs "which became the centers of production as well as of commerce and trade" (Williams 1). • Why is this passage acceptable? • This is acceptable paraphrasing because the writer: • records the information in the original passage accurately. • gives credit for the ideas in this passage. • indicated which part is taken directly from her source by putting the passage in quotation marks and citing the page number.

8. When Should You Use Parenthetical Citations? • When quoting any words that are not your own • Quoting means to repeat another source word for word, using quotation marks

9. When Should You Use Parenthetical Citations? • When summarizing facts and ideas from a source • Summarizing means to take ideas from a large passage of another source and condense them, using your own words • When paraphrasing a source • Paraphrasing means to use the ideas from another source but change the phrasing into your own words

10. Keys to Parenthetical Citations Readability • Keep references brief • Give only information needed to identify the source on your Works Cited page • Do not repeat unnecessary information

11. Handling Quotes in Your Text • Author’s last name and page number(s) of quote must appear in the text Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263). Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

12. Handling Parenthetical Citations Sometimesmore information is necessary • More than one author with the same last name (W. Wordsworth 23); (D. Wordsworth 224) • More than one work by the same author (Joyce, Portrait 121); (Joyce, Ulysses 556) • Different volumes of a multivolume work (1: 336) • Citing indirect sources (Johnson qtd. in Boswell 2:450)

13. Handling Parenthetical Citations • If the source has no known author, then use an abbreviated version of the title: Full Title: “California Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers” Citation: (“California” A14) • If the source is only one page in length or is a web page with no apparent pagination: Source: Dave Poland’s “Hot Button” web column Citation: (Poland)

14. Handling Parenthetical Citations • If the author's name does not appear in the same sentence as the cited material include only the page number: (Poland 145). • If the author's name appears in the same sentence as the cited material include only the page number: (145).

15. Quoting Whether you quote, paraphrase, or summarize, you must cite your source. • Quotations are indicated by punctuation (quotation marks). Quotations must match the source document word for word, and must be attributed to the original author.

16. Paraphrasing • Paraphrasing is putting the ideas of another person into your own words using your own sentence structure. A paraphrase simplifies a selection, it does not necessarily shorten it. Paraphrased material must also be attributed to the original source. • Paraphrased material is often somewhat shorter than the original, and summarized material usually significantly shorter.

17. Summarizing • To summarize, you must put the main thoughts or ideas into your own words, but it is only necessary to include the "main points." Summarizing cuts a selection down to about one-third of its original length. Its purpose is to shorten a passage without sacrificing its basic meaning. Once again, it is necessary to attribute the ideas to the original source.