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Symbiosis

Symbiosis. Symbiosis. Symbioses - species living in close association Parasitism +,- parasite benefits, host harmed Commensalism +,0 or 0,0 can have positive effect for one species or for neither Mutualism +,+ both species benefit . Gopher Tortoise – Commensal Host.

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Symbiosis

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  1. Symbiosis

  2. Symbiosis • Symbioses - species living in close association • Parasitism +,- parasite benefits, host harmed • Commensalism +,0 or 0,0 can have positive effect for one species or for neither • Mutualism +,+ both species benefit

  3. Gopher Tortoise – Commensal Host

  4. Gopher Tortoise Distribution

  5. Epiphytes Bird’s Nest Fern

  6. Nalini Nadkarni studying epiphytes

  7. Epiphytes Figure 1: Hypothetical tree illustrating how vascular epiphytes in humid forests tend to partition substrates illustrating sensitivity to micro climate, particularly humidity, and associated development of the organic rooting media required by some populations.

  8. Parasitism and Disease Lyme Disease Cycle in the UK

  9. Parasitism • Parasitism - intimate association between two species in which the parasite obtains its nutrients from a host - parasite usually causes some degree of harm to its host - either reduced growth or reproduction • Pathogen – disease causing agent • Disease – abnormal condition of host due to infection by a pathogen that impairs physiological functioning

  10. Parasites on Plants

  11. Insects are green, Fungi are brown, Worms are blue, Protozoa are yellow

  12. Parasitism occurs on a continuum from: • ectoparasites - live outside hosts body and experience same conditions as host - ticks, mites, fleas, aphids • endoparasites - live inside host's body cavity - buffered from outside conditions - tapeworms, flukes • intracellular parasites - live inside individual cells of the host - viruses, bacteria, protozoa - often called microparasites

  13. Or another way to divide parasites: • microparasites - viruses, bacteria, protozoa - small, often live intracellularly, main point is that they reproduce in host and will have very large numbers in host • macroparasites - tiny to very large - nematodes, tapeworms, flukes - larger individuals that grow in host but multiply by producing infective stages that are shed by host to environment where they infect new hosts

  14. Parasite Transmission • Direct transmission – from one host to another of the same species via air, water, coughing, blood, feces, etc. • Indirect transmission – from one host to another of the same species via another species called a vector • Vector – species which transmits parasite or pathogen from one host to another

  15. Powdery Mildew on Grape Leaf

  16. Powdery Mildew Life Cycle

  17. Head Lice and Life Cycle

  18. Mistletoe

  19. Mistletoe Life Cycle

  20. Malaria disease cycle

  21. Schistosomiasis - Life cycle of the schistosome worm

  22. Worldwide incidence of schistosomiasis

  23. Worldwide incidence of schistosomiasis

  24. Rust Fungus Canker

  25. Rust Fungus Life Cycle

  26. Two ways to study parasite numbers • Prevalence – percent of host population that is infected – best for microparasites • Intensity – number of parasite individuals per host – usually best for macroparasites

  27. European rabbits as pests in Australia - 1938

  28. Introduced pests in Australia – red fox, rabbit, cat, pig, & goat

  29. Moose and White-tailed Deer

  30. Deer – Moose brain worm interaction

  31. Fungal parasites alter insect behavior Giant ant w/o and with fungus

  32. Avian malaria occurs in areas below white line on Island of Hawaii

  33. Hawaiian Crow – Extinct in Wild

  34. I’iwi Honeycreeper – highly susceptible to avian malaria

  35. Akiapolaau Honeycreeper – restricted to high elevation today

  36. Amakihi Honeycreeper – shows evidence of evolving resistance

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