Floors & Floor Construction

1. Floors & Floor Construction • What lies beneath the surface that we see? • Concrete slab: is it ‘on grade’, or on a frame? • Wood joist construction: what direction do the pieces run? • Steel frame & steel decking: how easy or difficult is it to make alterations in this surface? • Why are these different materials used? What are the pros and cons of using them?

2. Floors What is a floor required to do? A building's primary horizontal planar surface Support live loads: people, furnishings, and movable equipment Support dead loads: the weight of the floor itself, any non-movable, built-in components on the floor

3. The depth (thickness) of the overall floor construction is directly related to the size and proportion of the structural bays it must span across, and to the strength of the materials used in the floor.

4. Flooring materials • Flooring can be made of many possible materials. • Building code requirements may dictate the performance requirements of a floor material. • The ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) specifies the degree of friction, slip resistance, of flooring materials used in public spaces. • We are probably most familiar with: wood, stone, concrete, sheet vinyl, ceramic tile, and carpet as the surfacing materials on the floors we encounter every day

5. The distance a piece of material has to span is directly related to its size. The size of these steel floor trusses is based on the distance they must span, and the load they must carry.

6. The Prada showroom in New York city designed by Rem Koolhas.

7. Wood floor joists and wood flooringin a house. The direction of the floor boardsis a result of the direction of the floor joists.

8. Wood flooring

9. Concrete flooring

10.  Colored concrete floors were very  popular in the 1930's and 40's in the   desert southwest because they were  easy to clean and cool in the extreme  desert heat. • The majority of the floors  were colored red and usually scored in  a grid pattern. • Concrete floors have become very popular again, due to low material cost, durability, and expanded design possibilites through color additives.

11. Concrete colors, synthetic & natural pigments • Concrete can be tinted different colors. • When coloring concrete either natural or synthetic pigments may be used. • Synthetic pigments are chemically the same as natural pigments, but there are other differences. Natural pigments tend to be less expensive, but their range of colors is limited and they don't have the tinting strength of synthetics. • Natural pigments tend to produce warmer colors, which seem closer to the colors you see in nature.

12. Concrete flooring

13. Steel reinforcing, called ‘rebar’is placed to be inside the concrete slab

14. Steel rebar are numbered, 1, 2, 4, 5, 12, 16, et cetera.Each number equals that many eights of an inch.A number 12 rebar is 12/8”, or 1 ½” in diameter

15. Raised access flooring • Raised access flooring consists of load bearing, easily removable panels supported above the building slab on pedestals. The cavity created is used to house services which may be safely concealed and protected but which remain readily accessible for maintenance, alteration and expansion.

16. Raised access flooring

17. Glass • Glass is a practical and beautiful material that is strong enough to be used structurally, even as  flooring.Floor panels are usually manufactured from two or more layers of annealed glass laminated together.  Sandblasting or screen printing to the top surface not only gives anti-slip properties but also design opportunities.

18. Glass interior wall panels

19. Glass flooring

20. Glass flooring

21. Glass block flooring

22. Glass flooring

23. Wood frame construction of floors

24. Wood frame construction

25. Wood floor system

26. Wood joists, (2 x10’s) on brick foundation, on concrete footing

27. Steel construction

28. Steel framing • Recently, steel framing has begun to make strong inroads into the residential building market. • The move to steel in home construction has been fueled by rapidly increasing lumber prices and a need to conserve timber products. • Steel homes use nearly the same framing techniques employed in wood-framed buildings, and construction costs run about the same. Unlike wood, however, steel is impervious to termites. It provides added resistance to fire and earthquake. • Steel ceiling joists can span greater distances than wooden ones, allowing new design possibilities for architects and builders.

29. Steel in house construction

30. Steel skeleton for a house.Most of the pieces of steel used here are called ‘light gauge’ steel, meaning that the pieces are relatively thin, and light.

31. Steel skeleton for a house.These steel pieces are much larger than those used in the previous images. These are ‘I’ sections, made of thick, heavy steel plate.

32. Tile: a small, thin, modular piece of material. • Porcelain floor tile • Quarry tile • Metal tile • Travertine tile • Granite tile • Marble tile • Limestone tile • Slate tile • Cork tile • Glass tile • Carpet tile

33. Cork flooring

34. Vertical Sections

35. Elevations

36. Plan (Plan-Section)

37. an informative web site is: • www.howstuffworks.com • type in 'how house construction works' into their search function.