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AP Government

AP Government. Final Review Don’t forget to use the review book and Shmoop to study – and write full sentences on the FRQ!. Constitutional Foundations.

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AP Government

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  1. AP Government Final Review Don’t forget to use the review book and Shmoop to study – and write full sentences on the FRQ!

  2. Constitutional Foundations • A system of government in which power is divided by a written constitution between a central government and regional governments. As a result, two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same geographic area and people. • Answer: Federalism

  3. Constitutional Foundations • What are the rights of the accused guaranteed by the Constitution? • Where are these guaranteed? (Which articles or amendments?) • Answer: • Article 1 – Habeas corpus • 6thAmd – Trial by jury and due process • 4thAmd – Illegal search and seizures • 5thAmd - Self-incrimination and double jeopardy, due process • 8thAmd – Cruel and unusual punishment • 14thAmd – Due process

  4. Constitutional Foundations • System in which each branch of government can limit the power of the other two branches. For example, the Senate has the power to approve or reject presidential appointments to the Supreme Court. • Answer: Checks and balances

  5. Constitutional Foundations • What does Madison argue in Federalist 10? • Answer: That a large republic would be successful in controlling factions

  6. Constitutional Foundations • Of categorical grants and block grants, which is most limiting on state governments? Why? • Answer: Categorical grants have a specific and clearly defined purpose, while block grants are more broad in purpose.

  7. Constitutional Foundations • Rules telling states what they must do to comply with federal guidelines; some are unfunded, requiring state and local governments to comply without providing funds to do so • Answer: Federal mandates

  8. Constitutional Foundations • Powers not specifically granted to the national government or denied to the states • Answer: Reserved powers, guaranteed to the states and the people by the 10th Amendment

  9. Constitutional Foundations • What is the “elastic clause”? • Give an example of its use. • Answer: Article 1, Section 8 that allows Congress to make other laws as “necessary and proper” to carrying out its explicitly stated powers. Used by Hamilton to establish the first Bank of U.S., etc.

  10. Constitutional Foundations • How has the commerce clause been used to expand Congressional authority? • Answer: Because Congress has the right to oversee any transactions that are interstate, this has expanded their power over railroads, air travel, and the Internet. This was also used by Congress to prohibit segregation of buses, etc.

  11. Constitutional Foundations • Requires employers and public facilities to make “reasonable accommodations” for people with disabilities and prohibits employment discrimination • Answer: Americans with Disabilities Act, an unfunded mandate that increased federal power over the states

  12. Constitutional Foundations • Established national air quality standards and required states to administer the new standards • Answer: Clean Air Act, an unfunded mandate that increased federal power over the states

  13. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • Ruled that those accused of major crimes in the states have a right to counsel (incorporated) • Answer: Gideon v. Wainwright, which used the 14th Amendment due process clause to expand the right to counsel to the states

  14. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • First Amendment provision that prohibits Congress from establishing an official government-sponsored religion. • Answer: Establishment clause

  15. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • What are Jim Crow laws? • Answer: Legalized discrimination and segregation in the post-Civil War period; a means of denying African Americans full rights as American citizens

  16. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • What is the exclusionary rule? • In which court case was it incorporated to the states? • Answer: The exclusionary rule disallows illegally-obtained evidence from being used in court; it was incorporated to the states in Mapp v. Ohio

  17. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • How did the 24th Amendment expand voting rights for African Americans? • Answer: The 24th Amendment prohibited the poll tax

  18. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • What is meant by “right to privacy”? • Where is this guaranteed? • Answer: The “right to privacy” prevents the federal government from interfering in private matters; it is not mentioned in the Constitution, but was established by court cases like Griswold v. Connecticut and Roe v. Wade

  19. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • Ruled that the use of quota systems for college admission violated the equal protection clause of the 14thAmendment • Answer: Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, which stated that race could not be the only factor in deciding admission – confirmed/expanded in Grutter v. Bollinger

  20. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • What freedoms are guaranteed by the First Amendment? • Answer: RAPPS – religion, assembly, petition, press, and speech

  21. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • How is selective incorporation achieved? • Why is it “selective”? • Answer: Using the due process clause of the 14th Amendment to extend Bill of Rights protections to the states; done “selectively” as the Supreme Court decides applicable cases

  22. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • Prohibited discrimination in employment based on race, color, national origin, religion, or gender; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and ended Jim Crow segregation • Answer: Civil Rights Act of 1964

  23. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • First Amendment provision that guarantees each person’s right to believe what he or she wants. • What are the limitations on this? • Answer: Free exercise clause; Religious practice cannot make illegal actions legal

  24. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • What were the goals of the Voting Rights Act of 1965? • How were these accomplished? • Answer: Increase voter participation by African Americans; eliminated literacy tests, grandfather clauses, and other means for denying African American suffrage

  25. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • Struck down state funding for private religious schools • Which provision of the First Amendment was applied? • Answer: Lemon v. Kurtzman; Establishment clause

  26. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • Struck down state-sponsored prayer in public schools • Answer: Engel v. Vitale

  27. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • Ruled that racially segregated schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14thAmendment • Answer: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

  28. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • Established the “one person, one vote” principle for legislative apportionment • Answer: Baker v. Carr

  29. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • Which court case banned polygamy? • Which provision of the First Amendment was applied? • Answer: Reynolds v. U.S.; Free exercise clause

  30. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • Ruled that police must inform criminal suspects of their constitutional rights before questioning • Answer: Miranda v. Arizona

  31. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • Banned the use of illegal drugs in religious ceremonies • Answer: Oregon v. Smith

  32. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • What are the three provisions of the 14th Amendment? • How has each been used? • Answer: • Citizenship – Granted citizenship to African Americans • Due process – Used to incorporate Bill of Rights to states • Equal protection – Used to overturn Jim Crow segregation

  33. Political Beliefs and Behaviors • What is the winner-take-all electoral system? • Why is it important? • Answer: The candidate who receives the most votes in any one state receives all of the electoral votes for that state; It is important because it prevents the gradual growth of third party influence and because it makes presidential candidates focus their energy in “swing states,” populous and undecided states

  34. Political Beliefs and Behaviors • Contributions to political parties that circumvent contribution limits • Answer: Soft money contributions are those that aren’t specifically dedicated to one candidate, but are used for “party building”

  35. Political Parties, Interest Groups,and Mass Media • A primary in which the candidates are from a single party, but voters from either party may participate • Answer: Open primary

  36. Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Mass Media • A committee formed by business, labor, or other interest groups to raise money and make contributions to the campaigns of political candidates whom they support • Answer: Political action committee

  37. Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Mass Media • Filed by an interest group or interested party to influence a Supreme Court decision • Answer: Amicus curiae briefs

  38. Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Mass Media • An alliance between an administrative agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee • Answer: Iron triangle

  39. Congress • How do the rules for debate in the House and Senate differ? • Answer: The House Rules Committee places bills on the calendar, establishing length of debate and other aspects of deliberation in advance. The Senate has fewer rules, and senators may filibuster. In the Senate, debate is called to a close by cloture, which requires 3/5 majority vote.

  40. Congress • Temporary bodies that are formed to resolve differences between House and Senate versions of a bill • Answer: Conference committee

  41. Congress • What is casework? • Answer: Work done by members of Congress to benefit a single constituent or group of constituents.

  42. Congress • What is the single most important factor in determining the outcome of congressional elections? • Answer: Incumbency status – This is reinforced by name recognition and other incumbent advantages (like the franking privilege); Seniority can lead to better committee appointments and greater influence

  43. Congress • A way of delaying or preventing action on a bill by using long speeches and unlimited debate • Answer: Filibuster

  44. Congress • What is legislative oversight? • Answer: Congressional review of the activities of an executive agency, department, or office; usually in the form of a Congressional inquiry or hearing (NOT the same as using the budget against them, though the budget is also a tool of Congress)

  45. Congress • What is the difference between congressional reapportionment and congressional redistricting? • Answer: Reapportionment is the reallotment of Congressional seats based on census results, while redistricting is redrawing districts based on this reallotment

  46. Congress • What is “advice and consent”? • Answer: Power of the Senate to approve presidential appointments and treaties

  47. Congress • A set of issues and problems that policymakers consider important • What groups have influence over this? • Answer: Policy agenda; interest groups, party, media, voters

  48. Congress • Tactic of mutual aid and vote trading among legislators • Answer: Logrolling

  49. Congress • The legislative process by which the majority party in each state legislature redraws congressional districts to ensure the maximum number of seats for its candidates • Answer: Gerrymandering

  50. Congress • What is grassroots mobilization? • Answer: Political movement that begins with the people; individual citizens serving to gather information and support for a candidate or agenda item

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