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Chapter 7

- The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras - An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements - The Coming of Islam to South Asia - The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia. Chapter 7. 8 th Century Abassid Era. Golden age of Muslim civilization

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Chapter 7

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  1. -The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras- An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements- The Coming of Islam to South Asia- The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia Chapter 7

  2. 8th Century Abassid Era • Golden age of Muslim civilization • Baghdad - unrivaled intellectual center - science, philosophy, medicine & education • "House of Wisdom" in Baghdad - both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars - translate all world's knowledge into Arabic • Baghdad - over 800 doctors - great discoveries of anatomy & diseases made - distinction b/w measles and smallpox • Papermaking from China & invented papermills • Gunpowder from China – developed formulas for pure potassium nitrate & explosive gunpowder • Agricultural advances such as the windmill Major advancements in Astronomy, Philosophy, Literature-The Thousand and One Nights

  3. Abbasid empire weakened during 9th-13th centuries -peasant revolts/slavery increased & position of women eroded The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak

  4. Caliph Al-Mahdi (775-785) • failed to reconcile moderate Shi’a • court of luxury • succession not secure – disputes among his numerous sons • Declining position of women • Male-dominated Abbasid society believed women possessed incurable lust • Result: men needed to be segregated from all but the women of their family • Symbols of subjugation: harem & veil & seclusion • Abbasid wealth generated large demand for concubines and male slaves - most from non-Muslim neighboring lands • Poor women remained economically active • Elite women – stayed in home/harem; tried to advance sons’ political careers • Women married at puberty; spent life at home & childbearing

  5. Within 150 years of gaining power across Persia - forced to cede power to local dynastic amirs – barely acknowledged their power Dependent on Persian advisors Caliph al-Ma'mun created personal Mamluk army (Turkish) Armies eventually held power - removed/selected caliphs Decline of Abbasids Results: -Civil unrest -Caliphs live lavishly; rule poorly -tax burden increases -agriculture suffers

  6. Spread of Islam • Former provinces threaten Abbasids • Buyids, Persia capture Baghdad, 945 • caliphs - powerless puppets controlled by sultans • Seljuk Turks defeated the Buyids in 1055 & ruled Abbasid Empire for two centuries • The Seljuks -- staunch Sunni -- purged the Shi’a • Egyptians and Byzantines defeated • Arabs establish rule over Anatolia -- center of later Ottoman Empire • Eastern Christianity under threat

  7. ChristianCrusades

  8. First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of reconquering the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land and freeing the Eastern Christians from Islamic rule. Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus asked Pope for western mercenaries to fight the Seljuk Turks in Anatolia Turned into a whole scale Western conquest of territory outside of Europe - lasted less than 200 yrs first major step towards reopening international trade in the West Christian Crusades to conquer the “Holy Land” 1096 - 1291 Besieging Jerusalem

  9. In July of 1095, Urban turned to his homeland - France to recruit men for Crusades Council of Clermont – Pope gave an impassioned sermon to a large audience of French nobles & clergy Graphically detailed the fantastic atrocities being committed against pilgrims & eastern Christians Pope Urban II & the Council of Clermont

  10. Impact of the Christian Crusades • Increased the power of kings, who raised taxes and commanded large national armies • Many feudal nobles were killed, while others sold rights and privileges to towns to raise the funds necessary for a crusade • Exposure to sophisticated technology, architecture, medicine, mathematics, science, & Muslim culture • learn new military tactics, to become familiar with new weapons like the crossbow, and to construct new types of castles • Europeans recover Greek/Roman learning • Italian merchants remain in Islamic centers; important carriers of Islamic knowledge (Christian warriors were not) • **Muslim peoples not interested in European civilization – barbarians**

  11. a variety of fictional and factual events: visions by a French or German boy; an intention to peacefully convert Muslims in the Holy Land to Christianity; bands of children marching to Italy; and children being sold into slavery A study published in 1977 cast doubt on the existence of these events and many historians now believe that they were not (or not primarily) children but multiple bands of "wandering poor" in Germany and France, some of whom tried to reach the Holy Land and others who never intended to do so. The Children's Crusade, 1212 by Gustave Doré

  12. Crusades Continue • In 1096 - Western European Christian knights had established small kingdoms in Arab world • Saladin reconquered lands for Arabs • Last Crusade in 1291

  13. Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion • Sufis - mysticism • Ulama - conservative religious scholars (against outside influence) • -Greek philosophy rejected • Qur'an sufficient • Al-Ghazali – great Islamic theologian • synthesis of Greek, Qur'anic ideas • opposed by ulama • New Waves of Nomadic Invasions & End of the Caliphate • Mongols – nomads from central Asia • Chinggis Khan’s grandson Hulegu – conquered Abassid Empire • 1258, Baghdad falls - last Abbasid caliphe was killed

  14. By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central India Conflict between two different systems Hindu polytheism vs. Muslim monotheism caste system vs. egalitarianism Islam spreads to South Asia The Spread of Islam, 10th-16th Centuries

  15. Islam in India • Muhammad ibn Qasim - Umayyad general captured city of Sind & Indus valleys • Indians treated as dhimmi – “people of the book” • Sultanate of Delhi (300 yrs) • *Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization • Math, medicine, music, astronomy, treatment of women, • food, literature

  16. Islam vs. Hinduism • Converts - Buddhists, lower castes, untouchables • also conversion to escape taxes • High-caste Hindus remain apart • Muslims also often fail to integrate • Islamic Challenge results in Hindu Revival • Bhakti movement • devotional cults; emotional approach • caste distinctions dissolved somewhat • Gods - Shiva, Vishnu, Kali gain prominence • Mira Bai, Kabir – popular songs in regional languages • Make Hinduism more accessible to masses

  17. Trade leads to peaceful conversion business advantage Sufis important in cities of Malacca, Malaya, Sumatra, & Demak (Java) Buddhist elites, but population converts to Islam Important mystical strain Women in a stronger position Matrilineal societies Spread of Islam to islands of SE Asia

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