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Section 4 Vocabulary Terms

Brachy-short Cryo-cold Crypto-hidden Duro-hard Eury-broad Hetero-different Holo-entire Idio-special Iso-equal Lept-thin Macro-large Mega-big Micro-small. Neo-new Ortho-straight Oxy-sharp Pachy-thick Pia-soft Platy-broad Proprio-one’s own Sclero-hard Scolio-crooked

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Section 4 Vocabulary Terms

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  1. Brachy-short Cryo-cold Crypto-hidden Duro-hard Eury-broad Hetero-different Holo-entire Idio-special Iso-equal Lept-thin Macro-large Mega-big Micro-small Neo-new Ortho-straight Oxy-sharp Pachy-thick Pia-soft Platy-broad Proprio-one’s own Sclero-hard Scolio-crooked Strepto-twisted Tachy-fast Trachy-rough Xero-dry Section 4 Vocabulary Terms

  2. Ultra-beyond Medio-middle Intra- within Gyro- Circular Trans- across Proximo- nearest Per- through Opistho- behind En- in Leve- left Ex- out from Endo- within Ecto- on the outer side Contra- against Dia- through Dextro- right Dis- apart from Cycl- circular Amphi- on both sides Ad- toward Ab- away Section 5 vocabulary: Directions

  3. 10/5- Complete Bones Discussion, Start Axial Skeleton Lab 10/6- Axial lecture, Axial Lab 10/7- Axial Skeleton Pop Quiz,Axial Lab due end of class (EOC) 10/8- Vocab Quiz (4&5), Append. Skeleton- Upper & Lower Limbs;Appendicular Lab 10/9- Holiday 10/12- Holiday 10/13- Appendicular Lab, Review for practical (3rd) 10/14- PSAT, Review for practical, Finish Appen. Skel. Lab 10/15- Skeletal Practical 10/16- Joints Lecture and Joints Lab 10/19- Finish Joints Notes & Lab Work 10/20- Disease and Disorder Lecture – Food Day 10/21- Class case study, Children of Glass Video 10/22- Review for test 10/23- Bones & Skeletal Exam

  4. Bones Chapter 6

  5. Classification of Bones • 206 named bones • Axial Skeleton: bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage • Protect, support or carry other body parts • Appendicular skeleton: girdles and bones of the upper and lower limbs • Locomotion and manipulation

  6. Functions of the Skeletal System • Support (framework) • Protection of enclosed structures • Movement with muscles • Storage of calcium • Blood cell formation-aka hematopoiesis

  7. Classification of Bones Four kinds: Some Examples: • Long bones Femur, Humerus, Tibia, Phalanges • Short bones Carpals, Tarsals • Flat bones Scapula, Sternum, Ribs, Skull • Irregular bones Vertebra, Hip

  8. Compact bone is the external dense outer layer Spongy bone or cancellous bone is the internal honeycomb of small flat pieces called trabeculae. The spaces between trabeculae will be filled with either red or yellow bone marrow Compact and Spongy Bone

  9. Typical Long Bone Structure A. Diaphysis- thick & hollow shaft; compact bone B.Medullary cavity- AKA marrow cavity; central part of diaphysis; in adults, contains yellow marrow C.Epiphyses- bulbous endings; spongy; epiphyseal plate in development

  10. Typical Long Bone Structure D.Articular cartilage- hyaline; cushions joints E.Periosteum- strong fibrous membrane covering long bone except at joint surfaces F.Endosteum- epithelial inner lining of medullary cavity

  11. Gross anatomy of bone (1) Epiphysis: compact outside and spongy (cancellous) bone inside. The joint surfaces are covered with articular cartilage which acts as a cushion. Epiphyseal line is a remnant of the epiphyseal plate, disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood.

  12. Gross anatomy of bone (1) Diaphysis: thick collar of compact bone, shaft, medullary cavity or marrow cavity. In adults contains fat and is then called the yellow bone cavity

  13. Gross anatomy of bone (2) Diaphysis Epiphysis • Periosteum: double layer of an outer fibrous dense irregular connective tissue and an inner layer (osteogenic layer) that consists of the bone forming cells the osteoblasts and bone destroying cells the osteoclasts

  14. Gross Anatomy of a long bone • The tubular shaft is the ___________ . • On the distal and proximal end of the diaphysis is _____________. • Each epiphysis has an __________ surface. Both spongy bone and compact bone are found in most bones. • Red bone marrow in spongy bone contains hemopoietic tissue. • A _____________ of dense regular connective tissue is on the surface of bones

  15. Typical Compact Bone Structure (Microscopic) A. Structural unit is known as osteon or Haversian system- a long cylinder parallel to the long axis of the bone B. Osteon is a group of hollow tubes, known as lamellae.

  16. C. Running through core of osteon is a Haversian canal with blood vessels and nerve fibers • D. Perforating or Volkmann’s canals lie at right angles to the long axis of bone.

  17. E.Spider-shaped osteocytes occupy small cavities aka lacunae. • F.Hairlike canals aka canaliculi connect the lacunae to each other and the central canal.

  18. Bone Development • Osteogenesis or ossification: bone formation • Intramembranous Ossification- formed from a fibrous membrane ex. flat bones • Endochondral Ossification- formed from cartilage ex. long bone

  19. Process - cartilage  bone collar  spongy bone formation  diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms  epiphyses ossify • Postnatal Bone Growth • growth in length at the epiphyseal plates • growth in thickness

  20. Bone development • Intramembranous ossification e.g. skull • Osteogenic cells switched on and lay down bone in connective tissue “membrane” • Endochondral ossification e.g. femur • Osteogenic cells switched on lay down bone on cartilage framework

  21. Types of Bone Cells • Osteoblasts- “bone-forming”; responsible for mineralized bone formation • Osteoclasts- “bone-breaking”, erosion of bone material In a 24 hour day, there is an alternation of osteoblast and osteoclast activity. • Osteocytes- mature, non-dividing osteoblasts; located in lacunae

  22. The Skeleton (Ch. 7) • Consists of 206 separate bones/ 216 if you count individually-fused bones • Greek “dried up body” or “mummy” • 20% of body mass

  23. Axial Skeleton: 80 bones Skull: Consists of 22 flat and irregular bones • Cranium - 8 bones (frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid) • Facial Bones - 14 bones (2 maxilla, 2 zygomatic, 2 nasal, 1 mandible, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 1 vomer)

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