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Factors that Influence Use. Factors that Influence Use Nicotine Addiction. 45.3 million adults in the United States smoke cigarettes, although this single behavior results in disability or premature death for half of all regular users. Source: CDC, Office on Smoking and Health.
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Factors that Influence UseNicotine Addiction 45.3 million adults in the United States smoke cigarettes, although this single behavior results in disability or premature death for half of all regular users. Source:CDC, Office on Smoking and Health
Factors that Influence UseNicotine Addiction Smokers give several general reasons for smoking. • Stimulation • Handling the cigarette • Relaxation • Help for tension • Craving • Habit * (Addiction) * The preferred term in Tobacco Control is addiction, not habit.
Factors that Influence UseNicotine Addiction Addiction Addiction: Habitual psychological and physiological dependence on a substance beyond one's voluntary control
Factors that Influence UseNicotine Addiction • Withdrawal Symptoms • Irritability • Anxiety • Difficulty concentrating • Increased appetite .
Factors that Influence UseNicotine Addiction • Adrenaline—rush of energy • Acetylcholine—awake and stimulated • Dopamine—relaxed and feeling good • Endorphins—natural painkillers • Glutamate--learning and memory Source:How Stuff Works, Inc.
Factors that Influence UsePhysiological Effects Withdrawal symptoms are REAL and can range in severity. Q: Do you know the signs of withdrawal from nicotine?
Factors that Influence UsePhysiological Effects • People who stop smoking greatly reduce their risk of dying prematurely. • The younger a smoker quits, the greater the health benefits. • But, stopping at any age is beneficial to health. CDC, Office on Smoking and Health
Factors that Influence Use PhysiologicalEffects
Factors that Influence Use Tobacco Products
Factors that Influence UseTobacco Products Additives are also in cigars, pipe tobacco, and spit tobacco for taste and addictive properties.
Factors that Influence UseTobacco Products • Clove Cigarettes or Kreteks • 70% tobacco and 30% cloves • Clove numbs throat • Densely rolled = higher exposure to carcinogens
Factors that Influence UseTobacco Products Bidis • Non-filtered, sweet-flavored cigarette • Higher levels of carbon monoxide, nicotine, and tar than cigarettes • Popular with young people
Factors that Influence UseTobacco Products Cigars and Cigarillos • Tobacco wrapped in a tobacco leaf • Can contain as much tobacco as a pack of cigarettes • Growing popularity among young people
Factors that Influence UseTobacco Products • Hookah • Traditional Middle Eastern and Asian device for smoking shisha tobacco • Perceived as less risky • Growing popularity in U.S. among young people
Factors that Influence UseTobacco Products E-Cigarettes Nicotine delivery systems that use water, a heating element, and electricity to mimic the sensation of smoking a cigarette
Factors that Influence UseTobacco Products Snus • Taboka was the tobacco industry’s first attempt at Snus. • A smokeless form of tobacco that comes in pouches. • Originated in Sweden, new to the U.S.
Factors that Influence Use Social Factors
Factors that Influence UseSocial Norms • Behavioral norm: the most common actions or behaviors exhibited in a social group. • Attitudinal norm: the most widely shared beliefs or expectations in a social group about how people or members of the group ought to behave. National Social Norms Resource Center, 2009
Factors that Influence UseMovies “In contrast to the health groups, who saw smoking as a medical issue, the tobacco industry has always seen smoking as a cultural issue. And there is not a better way to control pop culture worldwide than through movies…” Professor Stanton Glantz
Factors that Influence UseMovies • Smoking in the most popular, youth-oriented, PG-13 movies has increased. • Teenagers are more readily influenced than other age groups. • Tobacco companies benefit financially from individuals who start to use tobacco at an early age. • Tobacco companies have violated the tobacco settlement and have a long history of marketing their products to young people. Ng & Dakake. 2002. MASSPIRG.
Factors that Influence UseMovies • Tobacco use has increased 50% since the MSA. • Tobacco use remains prevalent in PG-13, youth-oriented movies. • Most films portray smokers and smoking in a positive or neutral light. • Fewer films feature negative statements about tobacco use. • Several films show identifiable, brand name cigarette packs. • Big name stars smoked in both pre- and post-settlement films. Ng & Dakake. 2002. MASSPIRG.
Factors that Influence UseMovies • Efforts are being made to get smoking out of the movies. • Programs such as Screen Out! and California Youth and Advocacy Network’s (CYAN’s) “Tobacco and Hollywood Campaign” are raising awareness of this problem and endorsing change.
Factors that Influence UseThe Power of Advertising Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids Ad Gallery, 2009
Factors that Influence UseThe Power of Advertising Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids Ad Gallery
Factors that Influence UseThe Power of Advertising Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids Ad Gallery
Factors that Influence UseTargeting Specific Populations • African Americans • Hispanics and Latinos • Native Americans and Alaskan Natives • Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders • Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and Transgenders (LGBT) • Low SES
Factors that Influence UseTargeting Specific Populations Targeting Cigarettes at African Americans RJR, 1977 Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids Ad Gallery “RJR's business among Blacks is underdeveloped.... Further, given their strong preference for menthol flavor, we probably need to devote more attention to Blacks... In fact, I even feel that a project designed to develop a cigarette for Blacks may be a viable business proposition.”
Factors that Influence UseTargeting Specific Populations Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids Ad Gallery
Factors that Influence UseTargeting Specific Populations 1990s 2008
Factors that Influence UseTargeting Specific Populations Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids Ad Gallery
Factors that Influence UseTargeting Specific Populations Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids Ad Gallery
Factors that Influence UseTobacco Product Enhancement How could they possibly enhance that image? National Cancer Institute, Visuals Online
Factors that Influence UseTobacco Industry Enhancement Why the name change? • Official reason: Represents diversity of products • Real Reason: disassociates company from its strong tobacco identity.
Factors that Influence UseTobacco Industry Enhancement In 2001, the manufacturer of Skoal chewing tobacco changed its name from “United States Tobacco Company” to disassociate from smoking and auxiliary issues like smoke-free air.
