Revision

1. Revision Unit B6 Urban environments

2. Where to find things • http://newigcsenotes.wikispaces.com/6+Urban+environments • http://ih-igcse-geography.wikispaces.com/6+Urban+environments • And then Key Questions 1-6 and 10 only • Next comes what you need to know ….

3. Section 1: A growing percentage of the world’s population lives in urban areas. • The nature of urbanisation (including suburbanisation and counterurbanisation); the factors affecting the rate of urbanisation and the emergence of mega-cities. • Practical: Mapping of the changing global distribution of megacities. • The problems associated with rapid urbanisation including congestion, transport, employment, crime and environmental quality. • Fieldwork: Environmental quality survey (fieldwork opportunity).

4. Section 2: The urban environment is characterised by the segregation of different land uses and of people of different economic status and ethnicbackground. (part 1) • Factors encouraging similar land uses to concentrate in particular parts of the urban area (eg locational needs, accessibility, land values). • Fieldwork: Land use transects plotting (fieldwork opportunity). • Reasons for, and consequences of, the segregation of different socioeconomic and ethnic groups. • A case study of one city to show the land use patterns and the distribution of social/ethnic groups. E.g Manchester

5. Section 2: The urban environment is characterised by the segregation of different land uses and of people of different economic status and ethnicbackground. (part 2) • Shanty towns (squatter communities): location, growth, problems and mitigating strategies (including self-help). • A case study A case study of shanty town management in a LIC city.

6. There is some more but … .. As those who were here at the beginning of the year know, I divided each topic up into 2/3 and 1/3. The reason being that we get students arriving all the time and we decided to keep a shorter time for each unit next year to review and finish off what did we did not complete this year

7. 1. What is urbanisation? 5.How do you define a megacity? 2.What are the causes of urbanisation? 6. Can you name a megacity? 3.What has been the pattern of urbanisation over time? 8. People go from rural areas to urban ones due to pushes and pulls. Define pull. Define push. 4. Where is urbanisation fastest – poor or rich countries? Where gap between rural and urban income is bigger or smaller? 10. An examples of a push? 9. An examples of a pull? 12. Name a primate city 7. Where are most of the megacities? 11. What is a primate city? No employment London Better hospitals Asia Europe Mumbai 10 million 1 million Attracted towards Forced away Bangkok

8. What is happening to Greater London and Central London at A? – what is this called? Why is it happening? at B? - what is this called? Why is it happening? Can you think of places that you know where people in situation A have moved to? In situation B? Different changes taking place in HIC cities A B

9. This is in Sheffield. What part of Sheffield is this? How can you tell? This Atherton in the 1950s. What part of Atherton is it how can you tell?

10. This could be any large town. Where would you find this type of housing? How can you tell? What about this? And this one?

11. Burgess (top) and Hoyt (bottom) A – CBD B - Zone of transition – used to be where industry was, but is often now left abandoned or as a redevelopment site C – Residential – lower class D - Residential – middle class E – Residential – upper class F - Industrial Which models are these? What do each tell you about the place? How well did they work when you tried to use them? And who are you?

12. Fieldwork • Fieldwork: • Environmental quality survey • Land use transects plotting • Most of you had a stab the environmental quality survey. You also used google earth to suss out the land use of your local town • But you did not do the land use transect. • So what does that mean? How do you go about doing it? Can you think of any problems involved in that? • How do you find out about the different qualities of the environment? What might be the difficulties with completing this?

13. A case study of one city to show the land use patterns and the distribution of social/ethnic groups.

14. This is a transect through Manchester • Watch out for the internationally famous curry mile – see the knife and fork on the map • Please explore esp now google maps has street level all the way! • http://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=114294639013811556926.00046fa36e0cfa8e7cc73&z=12

15. CBD; zone of transition; lower, middle, upper class housing – which is which and where? • Central Manchester, Rusholme, Withington, Fallowfield, Didsbury, Chorlton

16. What are the differences between the people who live in the different parts of Manchester?

17. The other area that we needed to explore was ethnicity

18. These 2 represent positive aspects to concentration of ethnic groups Where are these 2 pictures taken?

19. From the graphs we saw there were concentrations of ethic groups in different places • What groups concentrated where? • How do concentrations of one ethnic group occur? • If the concentration is high – the place is a …? Prices Religion Language Non-members feel isolated New arrivals need help to settle Racial tension Fear of the unknown Tension Culture Special facilities Ghetto

20. Problems in Manchester from ethic concentrations • Which groups are involved in thses activites? 'Gunchester'

21. In conclusion • In conclusion: the further you are from the city centre, • the better the quality of housing there is • The nicer the environment • the higher the income • The fewer the members of the ethnic groups are found • The less likely you are to come across gun/gang crime • Having large groups of one ethnic type can be advantageous as it brings cultural diversity (China Town and Curry Mile), but it can bring problems of fear and suspicion and culturally antisocial behaviour (gang warfare and drug trafficking)

22. Why are some cities growing rapidly? • What patterns can you see?

23. When an LIC city grows quickly, what happens? • The government makes the place attractive to investors with good transports and power, and so TNCs arrive with jobs. • People flock in from the rural areas and find that there is not enough affordable housing, schools, health facilities etc • So they establish unofficial housing – slums, shanties, favelas – on pieces of land of no use for higher quality development, on the edge of the city, in river valleys and marshy areas and close to industry where the air quality is poor • These lack water, roads, electricity, healthcare, schools and other services. • Too many arrive for the jobs • So they live off the informal economy, exploitation by back street unofficial factories, crime, drugs. • The roads are crowded or non-existent. In general the environment is of very low quality.

24. What can be done? • Initially, often the official city used the fact that the housing is unofficial to ignore the shanty dwellers and permitted them to do nothing much e.g. Nairobi until recently. In some places they simply bulldozed the illegal housing, hoping that the people would return home as in Brazil in the 1970s. • More recently, housing schemes of various sorts have begun to happen: • The country, shamed in some cases, such as Brazil, by the increasing national prosperity, knocked down the shanties and replacing them with basic flats with the amenities. • Other schemes include what has become know as self-help housing, which is where the land is cleared and the services and the materials are provided, leaving the future occupants to build their own dwellings, to which they are given ownership, either immediately or after paying off a small low interest loan. They have enough spaces between units to extend later if they have the money.

25. What can be done? • Now, especially since 2000 and the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) were established more has been happening. The UN and the World Bank and NGOs have started working on various schemes. But these are not exclusively housing – this can be to improve water and sanitation, provide health and educational facilities • Then there are a number of smaller local schemes, often started by NGOs, but then taken on by the local residents and include micro-finance schemes, business start-up, training schemes for young people, environmental improvement and green energy. All of which address unemployment, but also are there to steer the young away from crime and drug addiction.

26. So we looked at Kibera • How do Kibera and the other shanties fit into the patterns so described?

27. What do these pictures tell you about Kibera? • In particular what is it lacking?

28. Kibera – hope for the future? • Housing? • Education? • Clean water? • Sanitation? • Job opportunities? • Training? • Green energy and improving the environment? • Under this slide are a number of ideas collected from the PP and videos on • http://ih-igcse-geography.wikispaces.com/6.6+All+about+Shanty+towns