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染色體異常

染色體異常. 鄭博仁副教授. 人類正常染色體組成於 1956 年正式確立 , 第一批染色體異常 (Down ’ s , Tunner ’ s , Klinefelter ’ s 症候群 ) 則定義於 1959 年。自此,由於培養與檢驗之遺傳科技日益精進,因染色體異常導致的數百種異常也逐一被發現。. 定義:. 整倍體( Euploid ) 染色體數目是單倍體的倍數 ( 2n ) 多倍體( Polyploid ) 染色體數目超過二倍體( 3n, 三倍體 )

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染色體異常

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  1. 染色體異常 鄭博仁副教授

  2. 人類正常染色體組成於1956年正式確立, 第一批染色體異常(Down’s,Tunner’s,Klinefelter’s症候群)則定義於1959年。自此,由於培養與檢驗之遺傳科技日益精進,因染色體異常導致的數百種異常也逐一被發現。

  3. 定義: • 整倍體(Euploid) 染色體數目是單倍體的倍數 (2n) • 多倍體(Polyploid) 染色體數目超過二倍體(3n,三倍體) • 非整倍體(Aneuploid) 染色體數目非單倍數的倍數 (2n+1三體症,2n-1單體症) • 嵌合體(Mosaic) 出現來自同一配子的二種不 同細胞來源(46XX/45X,Turner’s嵌合體) • 交移體(Chimaera) 出現來自二個配子融合形成 的二種不同細胞來源 (46XX/46XY,真性陰陽人)

  4. 染色體報告形式 • 染色體總數後列出性染色體形式46,XX ,正常女性47,XXY ,Klinefelter’s症男性47,XXX ,三X症女性 • 增加或缺少的染色體以”+”或” -”表示47,XY, +21 ,21三染色體男性(Down’s症)46,XX, 12 p+ ,12染色體短臂多出一段不明染 色體 • 嵌合體列出所有的細胞來源46,XX/47,XX, +21 ,Down’s嵌合體症46,XY/47,XXX/45,X ,Turne’s/三X嵌合體症 • 描述構造上的異常,指出p,q及異常的部位46,XY,del 11(P13) 11染色體短臂的13顯帶處缺失46,XX,t (X;7) (P21;q23) X與7染色體在P21及q23顯帶處 裂開而移位

  5. 自然流產及死胎的染色體異常發生率 % 自然流產 所有 50 12週以內 60 12~20週 20 死胎 5

  6. 自然流產的染色體異常種類 % 三體症 52 X 單體症 18 三倍體 17 移位 2-4

  7. 新生兒染色體異常比例 % 所有 91 常染色體三體症 14 常染色體重組 平衡性 52 非平衡性 6 性染色體異常 19

  8. 常見的染色體異常 常染色體 21三體症—Down’s症 18三體症—Edward’s症 13三體症—Patau’s症 性染色體 XO —Turner’s症 XXX —三X症 XXX —Klinefelter’s症 XYY —XYY男性

  9. Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)唐氏症(蒙古痴呆症) • MCA/MR caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 • First described by Langdon Down in 1866 • Discovery of +21 by Lejeune in 1959

  10. DS: Epidemiology • Incidence: 1/800 to 1/1,000 live births • Prevalence: 1/3,000 in general population, reflecting high infant mortality rate • Advanced maternal age effect

  11. DS Fetuses: Natural History • Highly lethal in fetal life (65% of conceptuses aborted) • Recognizable fetal phenotype: • IUGR, thickened nuchal fold, septal cardiac defects, duodenal atresia, simian crease, clinodactyly, & short cord • Decreased motor activity

  12. DS: Cardinal Signs • Hypotonia • Sloping forehead, brachycephaly • Slanting palpebral fissures, small dysplastic ears, flattened facies • Excess nuchal skin • Simian crease with dysplastic middle phalanges of 5th finger • Hyperextensible joints • Dysplastic pelvis

  13. DS: Infant • Sloping forehead • Upslanting eyes • Epicanthal folds • Flat nasal bridge • Small nose • Protruding tongue • Small chin • Small ears • Proximated nipples

  14. DS • Brachycephaly • Sloping forehead • Woolley sign • Flat nasal bridge • Small nose • Protruding tongue • Cutis mamorata

  15. DS child • Upslant eyes • Brushfield spots • Epicanthal folds • Flat nasal bridge • Small nose • Open mouth • Protruding tongue • Small chin • Small ears

  16. DS Ear • Typical DS small ear • Overfolded helix

  17. Dermatoglyphics

  18. DS Hand • Transverse palmar crease (simian crease) • Clinodactyly

  19. DS: Adult • MR • Upslanting eyes • Mid-facial hypoplasia • Mandibular prognathism

  20. DS: Major Malformations • Congenital heart disease (29% of newborn; 64% of necropsies) • AV canal/endocardial cushion defect (most common), VSD, ASD, TOF, PDA, others • Duodenal obstruction (2-3%) • Hirschprung disease • Others • Cub foot, cataracts, imperforate anus, cleft lip/palate

  21. DS: Growth & Development • Developmental delay (MR) • Atlantoaxial joint instability • Males: Infertile due to testicular interstitial fibrosis and hypoplasia of seminiferous tubules • Females: about 1/2 of offspring with Down syndrome

  22. DS: Immune System & Aging • Increased incidence of hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus, and leukemia (10- to 30-folds) • Depressed immune system • Premature aging (Alzheimer)

  23. Trisomy 21 Karyotype

  24. 活產及羊膜穿刺檢查唐氏症發生率 孕婦年齡(生產時 活產發生率 羊膜穿刺術發生率 或羊膜穿刺術時) 所有年齡 650分之1 30歲 900分之1 35歲 385分之1 256分之1 36歲 305分之1 200分之1 37歲 240分之1 156分之1 38歲 190分之1 123分之1 39歲 145分之1 96分之1 40歲 110分之1 75分之1 44歲 37分之1 29分之1

  25. I(21q) Karyotype

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