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1. Chapter 10: Sectional Conflict Intensifies

   AmericanHistory
2. Impact of Mexican War With the new lands acquired from Mexico, the issue of slavery came into those territories Representative David Wilmot proposed the lands be free of slavery or involuntary servitude Wilmot Proviso Outraged Southerners Democrats and Whigs voted for it, Senate would not vote on it Senator Lewis Cass proposed a solution to the divide brought on by the slave debate Popular sovereignty (decision to permit slavery or not) Many supported the idea
3. Election of 1848 New parties emerged during this time Conscience Whigs (opposed slavery Cotton Whigs (supported slavery due to their ownership in North cloth factories) Free Soil Party (Conscience Whigs + anti-slavery Democrats + Liberty Party) Runners Lewis Cass (Democrat)-supported popular sovereignty Martin Van Buren (Free Soil)-supported Wilmot Proviso Zachary Taylor (Whig)-ignored the issue-won
4. Taylor’s the boss The issue of slavery came again once Taylor was inaugurated California’s admittance into the Union Gold Rush of 1849 Taylor did not believe slavery needed to expand westward to survive Encouraged California to apply to the Union as a free state California coming in as a free state place the Southern slave states as the minority Threatened to secede
5. The Great Compromiser To ease the tensions of the slave debate, Henry Clay proposed a compromise What did the pairs state? (pg. 323) Did anyone disagree with him? (pg. 323) Was it approved? (pg. 324) Taylor unexpectedly died, and Vice President Millard Fillmore took the role as President Would later support and vote in the Compromise of 1850
6. Uncle Tom’s Cabin The publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin sparked controversy in the South and outraged in the North Depicts the life of a slave (Tom) and his encounters with his overseer (Simon Legree) Brutal and violent Changed Northern views of African Americans and slavery
7. The Fugitive Slave Act Under this law: a person claiming an African American had escaped from slavery had only to point him out as a runaway for him to be taken to custody Accused runaway was brought before a commissioner, where a sworn statement or testimony from white witnesses were needed to send the accused down South Commissioners were given a $10 incentive to find the accused as a slave, and $5 to go the other way Required federal marshals to help track slaves, and appoint any person to help, or face jail time Received opposition from the North, specifically for the appointment of Northerners as slave trappers Oppositions became public, violent, and frequent
8. The Railroads The Underground Railroad Informal, but well-organized system “Conductors” transported runaways in secret, giving them food and shelter, and sending them to the North and Canada, with money for a fresh start Most famous conductor-Harriet Tubman The Transcontinental Railroad Supported by those who desired to expand westward Gadsden Purchase: purchasing of land from Mexico for destination points (Arizona and New Mexico)
9. The Kansas-Nebraska Act Senator Stephan Douglas desired to open the Great Plains for settlement Proposed to undo the Missouri Compromise and repeal slavery in the region Also proposed to divide the Missouri territory into two Nebraska would follow free Iowa; Kansas would follow slave Missouri The Kansas-Nebraska Act had opponents from northerners and anti-slavery advocates, but was passed in 1854
10. Opposition towards Act Public opposition grew from the Kansas-Nebraska Act Southerners and Northerners hurried into Kansas “Border ruffians” and anti-slavery settlers created two governments in Kansas Ruffians committed violent acts-”Bleeding Kansas” Caning of Senator Charles Sumner, an abolitionist, by Representative Preston Brooks
11. Formation of new parties Due to disagreements with common issues, mainly slavery, new parties emerged Republicans: combination of former Northern Whigs and Free-Soilers Opposed slavery Know-Nothings and American Parties: Nativist Opposed immigration
12. Election of 1856 Republicans: John C. Fremont Democrats: James Buchanan Know-Nothings: Milliard Fillmore What did each party represent? (pg. 334) Where did each party have support? (pg. 334) Who won ? (pg. 334)
13. The Dred Scott Decision Buchanan argued that the Supreme Court should decide slavery in territories The Dred Scott Decision Who was Dred Scott? (pg. 334) What was the issue around the case? (pg. 334) Who won the case, and why? (pg. 335)Who supported the decisions? Who condemned it? (pg. 335) What is obiter dictum? (pg. 335)
14. Lecompton Constitution Buchanan urged Kansas to apply for statehood Pro-slavery delegates called for an election to a constitutional convention, but ant-slavery delegates boycotted it Constitution, drafted in Lecompton, legalized slavery with pro-slavery votes winning over anti-slavery votes Another referendum (popular vote) was held Settlers voted against the constitution Kansas did not become a state until 1861
15. Lincoln’s coming…. In 1858, the Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln to run against Stephan Douglas Lincoln opposed slavery and its expansion into the western territories Douglas supported popular sovereignty Freeport Doctrine: stated that he accepted the Dred Scott Decision, but that people could still keep slavery out by refusing to pass the laws needed to enforce it Douglas won, but Lincoln made a reputation for himself
16. Crazy John Brown and his raid Fundamental abolitionist who believed God had appointed him to eliminate slavery Planned and executed an insurrection on the federal arsenal in Harper’s Ferry Arrested, tried, and executed for murder and treason Northerners saw him as a martyr Southerners took raid as proof that Northerners were plotting to murder slaveholders
17. The Election of 1860 The debate over slavery tore the Democratic Party apart, leaving two candidates: Stephan Douglas-Northern Democrats-supported popular sovereignty John Breckinridge-Southern Democrats-supported Dred Scott decision John Bell-Constitutional Party-former Whigs-supported upholding constitution and Union Because of the Democratic split, Lincoln won without support from the South
18. Attempt to Compromise Before being inaugurated, however, six Southern states (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas, seceded from the Union Senator John Crittenden attempted to compromise with the South by making several amendments: Crittenden’s Compromise Guarantee slavery where it existed Return the Missouri Compromise lines and extend them to California border where slavery would be prohibited north of the line, and allowed south of the line Did not pass Virginia proposed a peace conference No one came from the seceding states
19. Forming the Confederacy The seceding states met in Alabama to form the Confederacy, or the Confederate States of America Drafted a new constitution based mainly on the U.S. Constitution Declared each state independent and guaranteed slavery in those states Banned protective tariffs Limited president’s office to a single six-year term Elected Jefferson Davis as president
20. The Civil War begins Lincoln warned the Confederate States that he would protect the North from invasion, but try and make peace with the states Davis heard that Fort Sumter was being re-supplied, and decided to attack in order to get additional arms Confederates attacked on April 12th, 1861 Killed no one, except for one horse
21. More states secede Many did not want to secede, but faced with the prospect of a civil war, had no other choice Virginia seceded first, then Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee followed Lincoln ordered martial law, or military authority, in Maryland in order to protect it from seceding Lincoln worried about Kentucky and Missouri seceding Promised to leave Kentucky neutral if Confederates did the same Kentucky was invaded by Confederates; state split due to siding with both Union and Confederates Missouri sympathized with the Confederates, but voted against secession Missouri was held to the Union’s cause, despite opposition from pro-secession leaders