Intergovernmental Organizations , Nongovernmental organizations , and International Law

1. IntergovernmentalOrganizations, Nongovernmentalorganizations, andInternationalLaw ETIT – Week 10

2. Introduction • State and Individuals are not the only actors in international politics. • As International Organizations (IOs), Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), supranationalorganizationsand – not all of themthough- nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) also play role in the international system.

4. 1.International Organizations (IOs) “A body that promotes voluntary cooperation and coordination between or among its members.” There are many types of IOs, but one way of categorizing them is to distinguish between intergovernmental organizations (IGO) and supranational organizations.

5. 1.1. IGO Composed of nation-states and it promotes voluntary co-operation and coordination among its members. Decisions and agreements reached in this type of organization however are not enforceable, and the members remain independent. The crucial aspect of an IGO is that the members do not surrender any power (or sovereignty) to it. The United Nations (UN)is an IGO.

7. 1.2.Supranational Organizations Member states do surrender power in specific areas to the higher organization. Decisions taken by a supranational organization must be obeyed by the member states. Often there are courts to determine when violations have occurred, although frequently enforcement mechanisms are not as effective as they are within nation states. The European Union (EU) is partly an IGOand partly a supranational organization. Both of these elements exist in the EU.

9. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION (NGO) Specialisedorganisations, agencies, and groups , whichare made up of private individuals, havecommitted to a vast range of issues, including protection of theenvironment, improving the level of basic needs in the Third World. What stands out about these organisations isthat they establish networks and links between individuals acrossthe globe.

12. Functionalism [Man] can be weaned away from his loyalty tothe nation state by the experience of fruitfulinternational cooperation; IOarranged according to therequirements of the task [can] increase welfarerewards to individuals beyond the levelobtainable within the state. Individuals andgroups could begin to learn the benefits ofcooperation . . . creating interdependencies [and]undermining the most important bases of thenation state.

15. Internationalco-operation should begin by dealing with specifictransnational issues (such as disease control)where there was some prospect of applyingspecialisedtechnical knowledge and where thesuccess of such ‘functional’ arrangements wouldlead to further efforts to replicate the experiencein an ever-widening process. Eventually,the existing inter-state system could becomea working peace system.

17. Why have states chosen to organize themselves collectively ? • As liberals (orfunctionalists) puts, within the framework of institutions and rules, cooperation is possible. • IGOs are the arenas where states interact and cooperate to solve common problems. • Assumption is that continuous interaction provides the motivation for states to create IOs.

18. In turn these organizations: 1) Moderate state behavior 2) Establish mechanisms for reducing cheating by monitoring others and punishing the uncooperative 3) Facilitate transparency for state actions

19. IOsuseful for solving 2sets of problems: 1) The need to cooperate on technical, often nonpolitical, issues where states are not the appropriate units for resolving these problems. 2) Form around collective goods (i.e.To avert the tragedy of the commons)

21. Tragedy of Commons Adilemma arising from the situation in which multiple individuals, acting independently and rationally consulting their own self-interest, will ultimately deplete a shared limited resource even when it is clear that it is not in anyone's long-term interest for this to happen.

23. Several possible solutions to the tragedy of the commons: 1) Coercion:Force nationsorpeopletousecollectivegoodsresponsibly. 2) Restructure the preferences of the states:Rewards and punishments 3) Alter the size of group

29. UN resimi

33. Number of resolutions vetoed by each of the P5

40. ENFORCEMENT AND CHAPTER VII • Since the end of the CW, the Security Council has intervened in situations (Iraq war 1991) deemed threatening to international peace and security as authorized in Chpt. VII of the UN Charter. • That provision enables the SC to take measures ( economic sanctions, direct military force) to prevent or deter threats to international peace or to counter acts of aggression. • Previously, directmilitaryaction had been invoked only thrice(Korea-1950, Iraq-1991, Libya-2011), the UN preferring the more limited, traditional peacekeeping. • The 1990s were labeled the "sanctions decade" for the numerous times targeted sanctions were imposed. But getting agreement on when to impose sanctions/itsextent can bedifficult.

44. 19 specialized agencies formally affiliated with the UN • Each a reflectionof functionalist thinking. • Specializedareas of activity that individual states themselves can not manage alone. • Haveseparate charters, memberships, budgets, and secretariats.

50. A Complex Network of Intergovernmental organization • Mail and telecommunications move across national borders, marine transport and airplanes fly between states, technical rules are needed to govern these areas. • Given the importance of these functional activities, it is not surprising that many of the specialized UN agencies actually predate the UN itself. • For inst. The International Telecommunications Union (1865),The Universal Postal Service (1874) ,and International Civil Aviation Organization ,International Maritime Organization , date from immediately after WWII.