Review for Test on Latin america & former ussr

1. Review for Test on Latin america & former ussr 35 Multiple Choice Questions No Essay Complete castlelearning for 5 pts. Extra credit

2. Gorbachev • 1985-1991 • Leader of Communist Party and Soviet President. • Glastnost & Perestroika • Reforms failed • 1991- Coup d’etat- attempted to overthrow of Gorbachev. • Gorbachev resigned.

3. Glastnost • Gorbachev lifted restrictions on speech and press. • Greater respect for human rights. • Contact with the West allowed. • Foreign travel allowed.

4. Perestroika • Introduction of a free market. • Individuals allowed to own small businesses. • Factory managers given control over production. • Foreign companies invited to invest in USSR.

5. Fall of Berlin Wall • Berlin Wall became a symbol of the Cold War. • Cold War ended when the wall came down. • East Germany united with democratic West Germany. • Soviet troops withdraw.

6. Lenin’s NEP • New Economic Policy • Introduced limited capitalism. • Compared to Gorbachev’s perestroika.

7. Boris Yeltsin • 1991 elected President of Russia. • Introduced Free Market economy.

8. Stalin • Totalitarian dictator. • Period of extreme censorship and terror (purges). • Opposite of Gorbachev- Greater freedom, lifted restrictions, free to criticize the government.

9. Foreign Policy • Soviets withdrew troops from Afghanistan. • Permitted break up of the Warsaw Pact. • Negotiated with U.S. to reduce nuclear arms. • Eastern Europe introduced democratic, non-communist governments.

10. Nationalism • Pride in one’s country. • USSR consisted of 15 republics (made up of Russian and non-Russian nationalities). • Republics began to demand independence. • 1990- Lithuania declares independence. • 1991- Russia, Belarus, Ukraine all declare independence.

11. Cuban Revolution 1959 • Fidel Castro and guerilla fighters overthrow Baptista’s dictatorship. • Promised democracy, but once in power nationalized businesses and executed opponents. • U.S. breaks trade with Cuba.

12. Fidel Castro • Leader of the Communist revolution in Cuba. • Created alliance with USSR. • Threatened to spread communism to other Latin American nations.

13. Regionalism • Local ties of loyalty that develop due to the geography of Latin America.

14. Topography • The shape of the land. • Geographic features. • Latin America has a diverse topography: Andes Mts. , Amazon River, rainforest, Las Pampas etc.

15. Las Pampas • Large grassy plains. • Fertile grasslands. • “The breadbasket” of South America. • Compared to steppes in Russia and savannas in Africa.

16. Sandinista Revolution • 1979 Sandinistas seized control of Nicaragua. • At first, had popular support, but later instituted Communist policies. • Until 1989 civil war raged between Sandinistas and Contras. • Contras- a U.S. backed counter-revolutionary group.

17. Democratization • Growing trend towards democratically elected governments.

18. Debt • Latin America suffers from lack of capital for investment and skilled workers. • Borrowed heavily from the West to industrialize. • Debts not paid back. • High birth rate hinders progress.

19. Deforestation • Amazon rainforest- clear the rainforest to sell the wood or grow food on cleared land. • Depletes the world’s oxygen supply and creates endangered species. • Solution- educating farmers about soil erosion, replanting trees and restricting cattle grazing.