Kinds of Patronage: The Public

1. Kinds of Patronage:The Public By: Brittany Gunther Christopher Kleist Tony Patton Ella Wallace

2. Public Patronage The result of court and church patronage coming to an end. The public takes on the role of consumer, providing monetary means for the author. As print technology grows, and court and church patronage decreases, public patronage arises.

3. Early 17th Century • Writers far outnumber patrons • Printing presses becoming more popular • Book trade expanding

4. The Reign of James I 1603 - 1625: • Thought of himself as an author • Supported literary production • King James Bible

5. The Reign of Charles I1625 - 1649: • Monetary means of production • Dedications • Reason for decline

6. Early 1640s, Civil War: • Court dissolves and priorities change • Press productions • Poetry and plays • Execution of Charles I in 1649

7. The 1650s: • Major scholarly work • Subscription system • Free gifts

8. Printing Press: • Before the printing press: scribes • Authorship • Emphasis of text • Faster and less expensive

9. Patronage and the Distribution of Books before the Printing Press: • Corrosion of manuscripts • Lack of standardization in words and images • Vespasiano da Bisticci • The introduction of paper • Cartolai

10. Patronage and the Distribution of Books post Printing-Press • Printing of the Gutenberg Bible • Advertising • New sources of patronage • More books, less time, lower prices • Commercial drive

11. A Question to Ponder: How might the proliferation of books and literacy have effected the concept of individual fame and the rise of the celebrity?

12. Relevant English Rulers House of Tudor: Henry VII 1485 - 1509 Henry VIII 1509 - 1547 Edward VI 1547 - 1553 Mary I “Bloody Mary Tudor” 1553 - 1558 Elizabeth I 1558 - 1603

13. Relevant English Rulers pt. 2: House of Stewart: James I 1603 - 1625 Charles I 1625 - 1649 Commonwealth & Protectorate Council of State 1649 - 1653 Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector 1653 - 1658 Richard Cromwell 1658 - 1660

14. Patrons • 1 - Church • 2 - Court • 3 - Public

15. The religious Situation in England • 1517: Martin Luther’s 95 Theses • 1534: Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII declared Henry Supreme Head of the Church of England • Dissolution of the Catholic monasteries. Catholic property taken by the crown and passed out to nobles. • 1553 - 1558: Mart Tudor’s reign • 1558: Elizabeth I starts Anglican church (finally, a set of principles) • Puritanism: Late 16th century - 17th century. Calvinist reforms in Church of England

16. Effects of English Religious Reform • Roman Catholic Church severely weakened. • Less parishioners = Less cash = Less money for patronage • Protestant Churches gain near-total influence • Less-structured church • Less money spent by Protestant religious figures on the arts • English Rulers become Protestant • Monarchs, nobles, and their courts become the biggest patrons • Protestant rulers patronize Protestant writers • Anti-Catholic literature abounds

17. The Court • Nobility as primary patrons • Substantial brown-nosing by writers by Elizabethan times: dedications, payment, multiple patrons • Protection: patronage guaranteed work of author, allayed fears of readers - patronized books didn’t contain black magic or heresy, religious recrimination, extended to medicine, history and even poetry

18. Some Noble Patrons Elizabethan Court -Literature reflected new set of Protestant values -Religious polemics (refutations) and Biblical interpretations -Revival of classical learning - had started in early Tudor times -Consisted primarily of translations of ancient texts Oxford and Cambridge -Even more religious polemics -Little in the way of secular writings -Exception: Henry Savile’s translation of Tacitus -Few other humanist works during Elizabethan times William Cecil, Lord Burghley (1520 - 1598) -Patronized religious scholars, humanists, poets, and historians James I -Wrote himself -Patron of King James Bible -50 translators -Meant to replace Bishop’s Bible and Geneva Bible -Many, many more

19. Starving Artists • By Elizabethan period the market was already supersaturated • Conversely, there was a relative dearth of patrons • Very few authors “struck it big” • Think John Norden, Thomas Nashe, and Richard Robinson

20. But What Did They Write? Under the Catholic Church: -Almost exclusively religious works, including philosophy and theology -Censorship -Copernicus afraid to publish until after his death Under the Protestant Church and English Courts: -Many religious works criticizing the Catholics -Censorship -New poetry -Some Humanist works -History -Revived classical literature -Topography -Philosophy -Major Scholarly Works -History of English monastaries (The Monasticon) -Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum - Made the Anglo-Saxon language broadly accessible - Subscription method -The Polygot Bible - Texts in 9 languages - Subscription method

21. Public Patronage Subscription Method: -Supporters of a work each sponsored a plate -They would receive their name, coat of arms, and a Latin phrase engraved in the work -Inexpensive patronage -Many people could support the writing of a work -Became the norm for scholarly works after the Restoration John Milton -Refused patronage by nobility and the wealthy -Became “independent of all earthly obligation” -Invented/discovered a patron in the form of the Muse of Divine Poetry

22. Public Patronage -Not an easy road to riches -Lack of established quality control and censorship -Church and court patrons had previously fulfilled this role -Huge literary diversification -Atheistic works -Humanism: -Ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people. -Based on rationalism, the innate ability of humans to tell right from wrong -Searches for truth and morality without using transcendental justifications like faith or the Bible -Science or Natural Philosophy -Originally promulgated by the Catholic Church -Some private and court patrons -Descartes, Boyle, Galileo, Isaac Newton, Kepler -Often worked in universities

23. Galileo Galilei -Example of religious censorship -1564 - 1642 -Patrons: Both Private and Religious -Duke of Mantua, Vincenzo Gonzaga (1562 - 1612) -de Medici Family (especially Cosimo) -Paolo Sarpi -Pope Urban VIII -Persecuted by Catholic Church -Placed under house arrest in 1632 for the rest of his life

24. Consumption of Works • During this time period, most people were still illiterate • Therefore most of the written works would be written for nobility, church leaders; all potential sponsors of the works • Could result in stagnation of types and themes of works

25. Bilbliography • Eisenstein, Elizabeth. The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe. New York, New York Cambridge University Press, 1983 • English Literature. October 30, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature • Langford, Jerome J. Galileo, Science and the Church. New York: Desclee Co., 1966. • “Literacy.”Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. 2 Nov 2006, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. • Loewenstein, David, and Janel Mueller. The Cambridge History of Early Modern English Literature. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. • “Patronage.”Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2 Nov 2006, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. • "Printing press." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2 Nov 2006, 01:18 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2 Nov 2006 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Printing_press&oldid=85162100>.