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Access to Citizenship European Trends and Comparative Approaches

Access to Citizenship European Trends and Comparative Approaches. Maarten Vink ICS-UL ENCONTRO COM A CIÊNCIA 2009 Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 29 e 30 de Julho de 2009. Research Question : what explains the different ways in which states attribute citizenship?

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Access to Citizenship European Trends and Comparative Approaches

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  1. Access to Citizenship European Trends and Comparative Approaches Maarten Vink ICS-UL ENCONTRO COM A CIÊNCIA 2009 Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 29 e 30 de Julho de 2009

  2. Research Question: what explains the different ways in which states attribute citizenship? Relevance: access to citizenship is of essential importance for political incorporation of immigrants Analysis: citizenship laws in 30 developed democracies from 1985 to 2009 Method: comparative configurational analysis (CCA) Project

  3. Different state-building processes Consolidated vs. fragile states Different citizenship traditions Ius soli vs. ius sanguinis Different migration experiences Emigration vs. immigration Different political contexts E.g. left-wing vs. populist parties Limits to Comparative Research

  4. Instrumentalization Since 1980s Citizenship policies as ‘integration’ policies Elite-driven Politicization Since 1990s Citizenship policies as ‘identity’ policies Society-driven Trends 1: Discursive changes

  5. Equal treatment men / women (ius sanguinis) Inclusion 2nd and/or 3rd generation (ius soli) Acceptance of multiple citizenship Introduction of ´integration´ conditions Deprivation of citizenship (fraud / crime) European Union membership Trends 2: Substantive changes Vink, M., ed. (2010). Migration and Citizenship Attribution: Politics and Policies in Western Europe. Special issue of Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(4).

  6.  increasing occurrence of multiple citizenship due to migration and mixed marriages  question: why do some states recognize multiple citizenship as a reality, while others do not? 3. Increasing acceptance of multiple citizenship

  7. Legal tradition (Weil, 2001) Common vs. Civil law? Colonialism (Howard, 2006) Former colonial power (1945)? Left-wing governments (Joppke, 2005) No. of years largest gov. party is left 1990-2003 Presence of populist parties (Howard, 2006) Max. electoral support 1990-2003 Explanations

  8. Charles Ragin 1987. The Comparative Method 2000. Fuzzy-set social science Calibration: Crisp-set (0/1) Fuzzy-set (0-1) No ´independent´ variables No linear regression Necessary and sufficient conditions (or combinations) Comparative Configurational Analysis

  9. Citizenship Configurations (2009)

  10. No single European model Citizenship attribution in flux Citizenship policies explained by: legal tradition common law vs. civil law colonial experience ideological factors absence / presence of strong populist parties (rather than absence / presence of strong leftwing parties) Conclusions

  11. Online observatory 33+ countries Comprehensive comparative grid Laws / Case law Country reports Comparative tables Statistics Launch Fall 2009 Funded by EC eudo-citizenship.eu

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