고려대학교 산업경영공학과 김보람

1. Mental Models : Theory and Application inHuman FactorsJOHN R. WILSON' and ANDREW RUTHERFORD, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England 고려대학교 산업경영공학과 김보람

2. Mental Models : Theory and Application inHuman Factors • Introduction • What are Mental Models? A Starting Point • Different Approaches in Ergonomics and Psychology • Mental Models and Theories of Knowledge Representation • Pictures in the Mind? • Use of Mental Models within Human Factors • Conclusions

3. 1.Introduction “Designing the machine to fit the human” The importance of employing knowledge of the users’ mental models in specifying the display

4. 1. Introduction Mental Model theories developed and tested by cognitive psychologist Human factors literature on system design Cognitive ergonomics the application of psychological theories, models, and findings to problem of user interface design Is Mental Model Panacea? We don’t know if it has utility as an explanation of mind and behavior Theory Difficulty to matching Application

5. 2. What are Mental Models? A Starting Point • Toffler • “ Every person carries within his head a mental model of the world • - a subjective representation of external reality” • Wickens • “hypothetical constructs that assist scientists in understanding behavior” • “Users’ conceptual models” “Conceptualization” • “Device model” “ Naive Theories” • Norman ＆Young • Designer’s conceptual model • of the target system User’s mental model of the system

6. 3. Different Approaches in Ergonomics and Psychology Ergonomists Say • Rouse and Morris • “The mechanism whereby humans are able to generate • description of system purpose and form, • explanations of system functioning and observed system states, • and predictions of future system state” • Rasmussen • “Internal representations of environmental factors that determine • the interrelationships among observable environmental data”

7. 3. Different Approaches in Ergonomics and Psychology Psychologist Say • Johnson Laird • “enable individuals to make inferences and predictions, • to understand phenomena, to decide • what action to take and to control its execution, • and above all to experience events by proxy”

8. 3. Different Approaches in Ergonomics and Psychology • 1. One source of confusion between the psychological and human factors notions of mental models lies in what the concept is employed to describe • 2. Another source of confusion, at least with respect to Rasmussen’s account • of mental models, is the claim that these are not psychological models but functional models Ergonomists Psychologists The attemptis to describe mental processes Psychology is interested in both the function computed and the representation and algorithm (effective procedure) that compute the function Human factors it is the product of such processes that is of concern Rasmussen intends to communicate the product

9. 4. Mental Models and Theories of Knowledge Representation Slot Input slots with appropriate information which From default value Schema Script Scenario Frame Frame of Restaurant Roles Props Menu Customer Food Chef Attendance Table

10. 4. Mental Models and Theories of Knowledge Representation Mental model Schemata Schemata Schema Schema Schema Schema Script Script Script Script Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario Frame Frame Frame Frame

11. 5. Pictures inMind Internal representation a catchall term used to refer to some activity or state within the nervous system or a computer system that represents or is a token for some other entity Internal representation Mental model Propositional representation Analogical representation Internal representation = Mental model “Mental models are frequently pictorial or image like” Visualization of system or more abstract data-processing models “ forms of behavior ”

12. 6. Use of Mental Models Within Human factors • They may be employed in general design guidance, • as in such exhortations as "know the user's mental model“ • To summon up the idea of a "picture in the mind" or an "envisionment“ • To test the effects of different levels of training or • task information on performance • used to estimate the complexity of system use • in order to enhance system design • Programmed intermediaries encapsulating "knowledge“ of the human user • In the explanation and description of behavior • Mental model be employed as a tool in design

13. 6. Use of Mental Models Within Human factors • The displays of a process or system must be compatible with operators' internal representations of the system • The displays themselves allow or determine that • certain mental models be built up • "interface design can influence the formation • of a user's mental model“ • "the designer is obliged to ensure the users • have or construct an appropriate user model"

14. 7. Conclusions • The mental model notion is part of a continual theoretical development • It is regarded as a step on the way to an explanation of mind and behavior • Human factors community is often tempted (indeed needs) to go beyond • this to obtain a tool to apply in systems or product design

15. 7. Conclusions Human factors researchers now agreed on terminology and notion 1. Designer’s conceptual model - design’s representation of user 2. User’s conceptual model - user’s representation of the system 3. User’s mental model - descriptions of the user's internal representations which are informed by theories from psychology

16. Thank You !