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World War II

World War II . US History Paul Dunn Instructor – 2005. Road To War. Aftermath of the Treaty of Versailles Germany Lost Territory Germany Lost Military Germany was assigned total blame for war Map was redrawn with nine new independent nations. Video Clip. Road to War. Joseph Stalin

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World War II

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  1. World War II US History Paul Dunn Instructor – 2005

  2. Road To War • Aftermath of the Treaty of Versailles • Germany Lost Territory • Germany Lost Military • Germany was assigned total blame for war • Map was redrawn with nine new independent nations. Video Clip

  3. Road to War • Joseph Stalin • Communist leader of Russia • Total gov’t control of all aspects of life • Did not tolerate dissent • Great purge • Killed an estimated 8-13 million of his own people • Eventual US Ally in the war Photo

  4. Road to War • Benito Mussilini • Leader of Italy • Promoted Fascism • Military rule • Forced his way into power by threatening civil war to the king of Italy • Led a group of thugs called the “black shirts” (secret police) Photo

  5. Road to War • Adolf Hitler • Formed the Nazi Party • Promoted Aryan race as the master race • Relied on hatred and rascim • Wrote Meine Kampfe (My Struggles) • Seized power through a series of brilliant political and military moves

  6. Road to War • Emperor Hirohito • Royal leader of Japan • Real control of the country was in the hands of the Military (fascism) • Hungry for land and resources – especially oil • Invaded Manchuria - a province of China in 1931 • Viewed Japan as the rightful ruler of China and Southeast Asia

  7. The Rise of Nationalism • Nationalism once again pushes the World towards armed conflict.

  8. Clouds of War • Many regional conflicts erupt – Spain, Ethiopia, Annexation of Austria, Sudetenland • Set the stage for larger conflict • Policy of Appeasement – PM Neville Chamberlain of Great Britain – give Hitler what he wants to avoid war.

  9. The Axis Powers

  10. Axis Powers • Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini signed an alliance in 1936 that created the Axis Powers • They thought that the axis of Europe should revolve around Germany and Italy • Japan later joined the Axis Powers in late 1936

  11. Adolf Hitler 52 min video clip

  12. Russo-German Non-aggression Pact • Also referred to as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (August 1939) • Agreement between the Soviet Union and Germany where they agreed not to attack each other • Also granted the Soviets control of the Baltic states in the event of war • Hitler violated this pact when he invaded Russia later in the war Photo at the signing of the pact

  13. Russo-German Non-aggression Pact Video clip

  14. Fighting Begins • September 1, 1939 Germany Invades Poland • Britain and France immediately declare war on Germany • Germany also occupied Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania and attacked Finland and annexed part of its territory Video clip

  15. Blitzkreig • Lightning War • Relied heavily on Air Support and long-range bombing to soften up enemy forces. • Used artillery to provide cover. • Used paratroopers to get behind enemy lines to cause problems for enemy supply lines, troop movements, communications and retreat avenues.

  16. Blitzkrieg • Blitzkrieg (cont.) • 4. The tank was used as a mobile artillery piece to provide troop support • 5. Troops moved in armored personal carriers to allow faster movement

  17. Blitzkrieg • Forced enemies to move rapidly or be overrun. • Required an elaborate system of logistics to keep troops supplied with fuel and ammunition • Autobahn • Air drops • Troop engineers – built roads, bridges etc. on the fly

  18. Blitzkrieg Video clip

  19. Maginot Line • Series of fortifications, tunnels, forts etc. that was designed and built by the French to buy time for mobilization in the event of German attack.

  20. Maginot Line • The French did not extend the line of defense to the Ardennes Forest • They thought that it was so dense that no army would be able to move through it • This is where the Germans attacked

  21. American Isolationism • The American Public was very hesitant to become involved in the conflict in Europe • Neutrality Acts (1935) – forbid the sale of arms and munitions to warring countries • FDR sent arms to aid China in 1937 and there was a public outcry

  22. Invasion of France • Germany Invades France – May 10th 1940 • Paris Falls on June 22nd 1940 • Invasion route – Though the Ardennes Forest and Belgium into Northern France • Avoided Maginot Line

  23. Invasion of France • Mussolini and Italian forces also invade southern France in a coordinated attack of the Axis Powers • Blitzkrieg was used as a battle tactic • French had forces concentrated on the Maginot Line and were out of position to mount effective defense

  24. Invasion of France • Attack was well coordinated • Rapid advance on 2 Fronts • Pinned the bulk of French Troops • In the north of France

  25. Miracle of Dunkirk • Nazi forces cut off the retreat of the French toward Paris and push those forces to the port of Dunkirk • British Navy and Merchant marine evacuated over 350,000 French troops to the British Isles in less than a week Video clip

  26. Fall of France • Nazi and Italian forces then marched to Paris and occupied the city and the entire country • French leaders evacuated to England and set of the Vicci government (government in exile)

  27. Occupied France

  28. Lend-Lease • Lend Lease Act of 1941 • US to become the arsenal of Democracy • Changed our status from Neutral to Non-combatant • Provided arms to all nations that were at war with the axis powers • Eventually produced $50 billion in war goods • Germans began sub warfare on American ships in Atlantic • Military escorts for shipping Video clip Video Clip

  29. Battle of Britain • Following the occupation of France, Hitler turns to England as his next conquest • London Blitz – used carpet bombing to totally destroy London and Britain’s industrial capacity • Royal air force wins the Battle for London and Hitler decides to let England “rot” for a while • Intends to invade the islands at a later date • Invention of Radar helps British win Battle • Importance of Lend-Lease Video clip

  30. Atlantic Charter • Churchilland Roosevelt met on USS Augusta - August 1941 • Agreed to fight Nazi tyranny • Promote democracy throughout the world • Establish freedom of the High Seas • All Nations must abandon the use of force to resolve conflict • Create a lasting Peace • Basically laid the groundwork for the lasting alliance between the 2 countries

  31. Path to Infamy • Relations with Japan deteriorate • Oil Embargo • Lend-Lease for Chinese • Japan leaves League of Nations • Japan tries to negotiate “peace” while planning attack on American Soil

  32. OperationBarbarossa

  33. Nazi Invasion of Soviet Union • Hitler violates the Russo-Soviet Non-aggression Pact and invades Russia • Hitler wanted the valuable food and oil resources that were available in the Ukraine Video Clip

  34. Russian Retreat • Strategic Retreat • Fought fiercely and then pulled back • Had space and distance on their side • Created long supply lines for the Nazi’s • Russian resistance fighters – sabotage • Destroyed anything of use to the Nazi’s as they retreated – *Scorched Earth Policy

  35. Defense of Stalingrad

  36. Russian Stand at Stalingrad • Stalin told troops – No more retreat “Not one step backwards” • Soviet Lines held

  37. Defense of Moscow and Counterattack • Nazi forces reached the outskirts of Moscow • Russian forces held • Counterattacked in December • German forces were weak and exhausted • 1200 miles supply lines were unreliable • Soviet forces began to slowly push back the Nazi forces • The march to Berlin had begun

  38. Russian Counterattack

  39. Nazi Invasion of the Soviet Union • Hitler made numerous mistakes here • Claimed he could conquer Russia in 6 weeks • Underestimated Russian resolve and fighting skill • Underestimated the nastiness of the Russian winter • Thought the Russians were “weak” and “stupid” • Added large nation and it’s resources to the “enemy” • Overestimates the ability and strength of his own forces – this trend continues throughout the remainder of the war • Ignores the advice of leading field generals – this trend also continues throughout the remainder of the war

  40. Nazi Invasion of the Soviet Union • Hitler begins to fire generals that are not successful on the battlefield • This trend continues throughout the remainder of the war • Generals eventually withhold battle information and he begins to make decisions on incomplete data • Experienced Generals are replaced by “rookies” that make unnecessary mistakes

  41. “The Day that will live in Infamy” Video Clip

  42. Pearl Harbor • December 7th, 1941 Japanese surprise attack on the naval forces located in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii • 19 ships, damaged or sunk • 3,088 Americans killed in the attack

  43. Japanese Plan of Attack • Surprise attack • Coordinated attack from air (6 aircraft carriers) and submarines (3-7 mini-subs) • Planned to Attack in 3 waves • Prevent ships from leaving harbor • Battleship Row • Destroy military facilities • Destroy repair facilities and fuel storage

  44. Japanese plan of attack • Japanese pilots were able to practice for months on almost identical island in Japan • Main target was aircraft carriers, but they were out of Pearl Harbor on maneuvers • Battleships were lined up for maintenance and supplies in a series of docks • Large in-flight of US planes from carriers confused radar operators about attack

  45. The Attack Begins • Complete surprise • Most troops were either in church or at reveille • All military installations were attacked simultaneously • US troops took significant time to mount a defense of the island • Japanese thought that the American Public would not support a war if we sustained heavy losses • Underestimated American resolve Video clip

  46. 1st Wave • Tora, Tora Tora – roughly translated, means total strategic surprise • 7:55 AM Radar picked up in-flight of planes from the north, but it was ignored • Attack began at approximately 8:05AM at multiple locations • Series of blunders and coincidences led to heightened confusion and stall the defense of the island

  47. The Second Wave • Chaos reigns during the hours after attack • Fear that the Japanese would launch ground attack • Island very vulnerable • High probability of success • Third Wave called off by admiral Yamamoto because he could not locate American Aircraft carriers • Huge mistake by the Japanese Military

  48. Attack Aftermath • Martial Law • Rule by the military • Retaliation against Japanese who lived and worked on the Island • Salvage and search and rescue operations begin • Preparations for the defense against ground attack

  49. Aftermath of the attack at Pearl Harbor

  50. Losses at Pearl Harbor • 19 Ships including the Arizona and the Oklahoma • 14 of those ships were recovered and repaired and fought in the war • 92 naval aircraft and 96 Army aircraft were lost – 200+ were damaged • 2388 men killed, 1778 wounded • Japanese lost only 29 planes

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