Nation Building 1786-1800

1. Nation Building1786-1800 AP U.S. History

2. Constitutional Convention • Nationalists: Desired a strong central government for fiscal purposes. • Elites, made up of merchants & lawyers. • 55 men, 12 states, Philadelphia, PA, May, 1787. • 34 lawyers, 19 slave owners, 29 college educated: America’s economic & social elite. • Purpose: revise Articles of Confederation. • Reality: start over.

3. Constitutional Convention (cont.) New Jersey Plan Unicameral congress with states equally represented. Virginia Plan • Drafted by J. Madison. • Strong federal government • Power to tax • Enforce laws directly rather than through the states. • Bicameral legislature with representation based upon population. • H of Reps popularly elected. • Senate chosen by state legislators • Senate would appoint the chief executive. • States reduced to administrative districts.

4. The Great Compromise • Proportional representation in the House of Representatives. • Equal representation by state in the Senate. • Allowed creation of strong national government. • States role is not diminished. • Southerners: 3/5’s rule. • 5 slaves counted for 3 free men when it came to taxes and representation (known as “other persons”). • Guarantee slave trade be protected for 20 years (1807). • Slave must be returned from free states. • Madison, “Great as the evil, a dismemberment of the union would be worse.”

5. What Type of Government? • 21 delegates favor a monarchy. • Electoral College. • Three branches to balance one another. • Delegates approved September 17, 1787. • June 21, 1787 NH becomes 9th state to ratify. • Needed 9 states to ratify and begin “business”.

6. Federalists (a.k.a Nationalists) Supported ratification of the Constitution. Merchants, manufacturers, lawyers, & large landowners. Madison, Hamilton and Jay write the Federalist Papers anonymously to persuade the masses to support the Constitution. Anti-Federalists Articles already provided for balance between state and federal. Farmers. Replaced with a national government. Fear weakening of state power. Ratification

7. The Ratification of the Constitution, 1787–1790

8. Bill of Rights-1791 • Promised to anti-federalists to protect individuals from the government. • Key for five states ratification. • First 10 amendments to the Constitution. • Guarantee “essential rights.” • Began with 200 and sent 12 to the state conventions. 10 survived.

9. Bill of Rights (cont.) • 1st Rights to religion, speech, press, assembly, petition. • 2nd Right to bear arms. • 3rd Quartering of soldiers. • 4th Search and seizure • 5th Grand jury, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, due process. • 6th Rights of accused in criminal prosecutions:  rights to jury trial, to confront opposing witnesses and to counsel • 7th Right to a trial by jury. • 8th Protections against excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishment. • 9th Non-enumerated rights. • 10th Rights reserved to states.

10. First Federal Elections-1789 • NYC-Temporary capital. • Washington receives unanimous 69 electoral votes. • Reelected in 1792 without opposition. • Nationalists wish to increase executive authority. • Judiciary Act of 1789: Set up federal courts.

11. Hamilton’s Fiscal Program • Financial Problems: • Massive national debt from revolution. • Debt owed to foreign ($11M) and domestic leaders ($27M). • All 13 states of individual debt ($25M). • Goal: • Inspire confidence of investors in the public credit of the U.S. • Solution: • Tariffs instead of taxes on property or goods. • Consolidate debt and create liquor tax. • Establish Bank of U.S.

12. Split Among Federalists-1792 • Jefferson represents southern agrarian. • Supports state rights. • Support French. • Hamilton represents northern capitalists. • Supports a stronger federal government. • Support British. • Favored traditional trading relationship with British.

13. Foreign Policy • French Revolution (1789): Similar to American Revolution but for the fact that aristocrats are beheaded during the Reign of Terror. • Washington and Hamilton dislike, Jefferson understands. • Question: Does Franco-American alliance of 1778 still exist? Suspend treaty. • Americans remain neutral in British-French War of 1793. • Jefferson leaves Washington administration for being too pro-French.

14. Indian Policy • Treated as conquered people after Revolution. • Land Ordinance of 1787 stated that their land would be protected. • Indian Intercourse Act of 1790: Federalized trade with Indians. Treaty making is the only legal means of obtaining land. • Delawares, Shawnees, Miamis join together to fight settlers and expeditionary forces in Ohio River Valley. • Kill more than 900 Americans in an ambush.

15. Spread of Settlement: The Backcountry Expands, 1770–1790

16. Washington’s Problems • Spanish limit use of Mississippi River. • Hurts farmers who need to transport goods. • Hamilton’s whisky tax hurts Backcountry the worst. • British blockade France and seize more than 250 U.S. cargo ships (1793-1794). • Whisky Rebellion in 1794 causes him to mobilize militia and occupy Mingo Creek (Pittsburgh).

17. Spanish Claims to American Territory, 1783–1795

18. Peace • Jay’s Treaty (1794): John Jay negotiates British withdrawal from U.S. soil by 1796. • Southerners want compensation from British for slaves who fled to Britain after war. • Jeffersonian’s support French. • Pinckney's Treaty (1795): Spain agrees to boundary of 31st parallel and opens MI River to American shipping. • Treaties finally establish American sovereignty west of the Appalachian mountains.

19. Washington’s Farewell-1796 • Sick of politics he decides to decline nomination. • Warned against sectional differences and political debate. • American disinterest in foreign affairs and entangling in alliances. • Framers envision one party with differences muted by patriotism and public virtue.

20. Madison: Democratic Republican Party Limit federal power. Sympathetic to French Revolution. Hostile to Brittan. Southern planters and northern farmers. Majority party after 1800. Hamilton: Federalists Strong friendship with British. Opposition to French Revolution. Merchants, property owners and workers tied to commercial economy. Strong only in New England. Has a diminished role after 1800. Rise of Political Parties

21. Election of 1796 • Adams v. Jefferson • Runner up is Vice President. • Framers had not thought about partisanship. • 12th amendment to constitution.

22. Adams Presidency • French upset by Jay’s Treaty seize 200 U.S. ships and $20M in cargo. • Adams sends ambassadors. • French agents insist on bribes before discussion can begin. • U.S. outraged and becomes known as XYZ Affair. • Sends Adams popularity to a high. • Fears of French invasion increase spending on military by 1798.

23. Adams’ Problems • 1798 four acts passed by congress epitomize the xenophobic nationalism of period. • Naturalization Act: Period of residence for citizenship is changed from 5 to 14 years. • Alien Act & Alien Enemies Act: President can order imprisonment or deportation of suspected aliens during wartime. • Sedition Act: Fines and jail time for writing, publishing or speaking against the government or its officers. • Federalists hope laws will supress Demorcratic Republicans.

24. Adams’ Problems (Cont.) • Tension and arrest of D.R.’s lead to VA & KY Resolutions. • Written by Madison & Jefferson. • Two founding fathers introduce the idea that secession is OK if the federal government is unbearable. • Later used to justify southern secession.

25. Election of 1800 • 1799 French release captured ships and move towards peace. • Federalists divide over economic and social issues. • First time there are two national parties. • Both tickets represent sectionalism. • D.R. create ties in House over Burr and Jefferson. • 35th ballot Fed’s side with Jefferson and he becomes president.

26. The Election of 1800

27. Revolution of 1800? • Suffrage extended, but…who cannot? • 1/3-1/2 of all adult free males • Must own property. • Women • African Americans • Indians • Votes were announced, not written down. Employers could sway votes of poorer voters. • 1800: 4 states have universal manhood suffrage as competition between parties increases.

28. Housing Values, 1798