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ELECTION OF 1808

ELECTION OF 1808. Believing strongly in GW precedent, TJ stepped down after 2 terms; supported friend and Sec. of State, Madison as successor “Father of Constitution” had worked tirelessly with TJ to found Demo-Republican party; brilliant thinker & statesman

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ELECTION OF 1808

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  1. ELECTION OF 1808 Believing strongly in GW precedent, TJ stepped down after 2 terms; supported friend and Sec. of State, Madison as successor “Father of Constitution” had worked tirelessly with TJ to found Demo-Republican party; brilliant thinker & statesman BUT weak speaker, stubborn, less diplomatic with others Defeated 2 other Republican candidates & Federalist, Chas. Pinckney, but Federalists gained seats in Congress due to general dissatisfaction with embargo and effects

  2. THE SAME BUT DIFFERENT • Madison’s presidency also tried combo of • diplomatic and economic pressures to deal • with Napoleanic wars, BUT unlike TJ, he finally resorted to war. • NON-INTERCOURSE ACT of 1809 – U.S. could trade • with all but France and GB; ease hurt of embargo; no change… • MACON’S BILL NO. 2 (1810) – trade with both restored • BUT if either agreed to respect US neutrality at sea, we would • quit trading with the other… led to deception! • NAPOLEAN then promised to respect neutrality; as soon as • embargoed GB (1811), he resumed seizures – we were duped!

  3. WAR OF 1812 Tho neither desired it, GB and the US went to war CAUSATION From US side, pressure for war from: • Free Seas and Trade – Free flow of trade across Atlantic critical to us, but GB and FR had no interest in respecting neutrality as long as at war. Tho both guilty (seizures, trade restrictions), GB appeared more culpable A. Because of our long memory of their seeming cruelty during the revolution (bad blood) B. Due to our sympathies with the cause of the French Revolution and our appreciation of French aid in our own. C. Because of the despicable practice of impressment by the Brits

  4. 2. Frontier Pressures A. Land hungry settlers and speculators longed for lands of British Canada and Spanish Florida; saw Brits and their Spanish & NA allies as obstacles to our growth, our “destiny.” B. US constant “push” westward into Indian lands made them a perennial problem. Shawnee twins, Tecumseh (warrior) & Prophet (shaman) tried to unite all west of Miss. River against further inroads. IN settlers pressured Gov. Wm. H. Harrison to act. 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe Shawnee threat ended. GB, who had provided them with limited aid blamed as instigators

  5. TECUMSEH “THE TWINS” “OLD TIP” BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE 3.WAR HAWKS – 1810 Midterm elections saw influx of young, aggressive western Republicans from TN, KY, OH who hankered for war with GB. Led by Henry Clay of KY and John C. Calhoun, SC, argued war only way to defend honor in face of seizures and impressment, gain Canada, end NA problem on frontier GB delays in satisfying US neutrality demands + war hawk pressure = Madison asking Congress for declaration. Irony? Brits lift blockade 2 days later – too little, two days, too late!!!

  6. A DIVIDED NATION Support of war divided – PA & VT voted with S and W to win support for war; NE & Middle states opposed ELECTION OF 1812 – Same sectional pattern seen in vote for prez. Madison defeated De Witt Clinton, NY, Federalist and anti-war Republican candidate OPPOSITION TO WAR – Opponents called it “Mr. Madison’s War” and evil of congressional warhawks; Three groups anti-war groups: 1) NE merchants – made big profits from Euro-war after lifting of embargo; impressment inconvenience

  7. 2. Federalist politicians – viewed war as republican party expansionist (Canada, FL) scheme to expand party’s voting base, establish dominance 3. “Quids” - war violated traditional Republican values relative to ltd. Government power and main-taining peace, neutrality

  8. LOSSES ON LAND AND VICTORIES AT SEA Given GB overwhelming navl superiority, JMs war plan hinged on 1) continued success abroad, and 2) land campaign against Canada • CANADIAN INVASION – poorly equipped, poorly conceived 3-prong attack easily repulsed by Brits • NAVAL BATTLES – some notable victories due to superior shipbuilding and deeds of seaman, some freed African-Americans. 1812 U.S.S. Constitution (Old Ironsides) sank GB ship off Nova Scotia.

  9. US privateers, moved by patriotism and profit, also effective; GB effectively countered, however with blockade that hurt commerce, fishing • Lake Eerie site of most important battle; 3 hr battle culminated in apt. Oliver Hazard Perry’s “We have met the enemy and they are ours.” Paved way for Gen. m. H. Harrison’s victory at Battle ofThames River (near Detroit) in which Tecumseh was killed. • US victory at Battle of Lake Champlain 1814 forced GB to give up plan to invade New York and separate NE from fold (as had attempted to do in AR tho. Reason different this time ?)

  10. 3) CHESAPEAKE CAMNPAIGN – After spring 1814, Napolean defeated, GB focus all attention on US. Summer 1814 raided DC and est fire to White House, Capitol, other government buildings. Also raided Baltimore. Attempt failed after all-night bombardment of Fort McHenry (inspired F. Scott Key’s “Star-Spangled Banner”) 4) SOUTHERN CAMPAIGN – 3/1814 Battle of Horseshoe Bend (AL) Andrew Jackson destroyed power of important British allies in Creek nation – opened new lands to settlers. 1/8/1815 Battle of New Orleans thwarted attempt to control Miss. Sig?

  11. TREATY OF GHENT Brits war weary, and US government aware decisive victory unlikely. Diplomats traveled to Belgium to discuss peace. 12/24/1814 terms reached were: 1) Ceasefire 2) Return of all conquered territory to prewar holder 3) Prewar boundaries recognized Ratified 1815 with no remarks regarding grievances that caused the war. No concessions from GB on impressment, blockades, seizures, trade restrictions Stalemate the result.

  12. HARTFORD CONVENTION • Sectional discord, treasonous talk, and the death of a party surrounded the Hartford Convention of 12/1814. Disgruntled New England Federalists held anti-war discussions that included a proposal to secede from the Union over the war and unpopular Republican policies. Though rejected by calmer heads, Federalists did adopt a number of proposals aimed at weakening Republican power, including one that called for war declaration to require a 2/3s vote in Congress

  13. THE LEGACY OF THE WAR • Gained international * ”Abandoned” Indians respect for US forced to yield more land • Canada accepted as a * Euro-blockade forced us British neighbor toward industrial self- • Viewed as unpatriotic sufficiency Federalist party dead * New war heroes became as national political next generation of leaders force * Growth of nationalism & • Secession, nullification disassociation with Eur. in talk precedent for South favor of future in West

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