World History Ch. 23 War & Revolution

1. World HistoryCh. 23 War & Revolution

2. The Impact Today • World War I led to the disintegration of empires and the creation of new states. • Communism became a factor in global conflict as other nations turned to its ideology.

3. The Impact Today • The Balkans continue to be an area of political unrest.

4. Chapter Objectives • Name the members of the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. • Summarize the causes of World War I. • Describe the stalemate on the Western Front and events on the Eastern Front.

5. Chapter Objectives • Explain innovations in warfare. • Explain what is meant by “total war” and its effects on society.

6. Chapter Objectives • Trace the fall of czarist Russia and the rise of the Communists. • Explain the Allies’ victory. • List the major provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.

8. Section 1The Road to World War I

9. Daily Objectives • Discuss how militarism, nationalism & a crisis in the Balkans led to World War I. • Explain why Serbia’s determination to become a large, independent state angered Austria-Hungary & initiated hostilities.

10. I. Nationalism & the System of Alliances • Increase competition • Rivalries over colonies & trade • 1882 Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary & Italy • 1907 Triple Entente: France, Great Britain & Russia

12. I. Nationalism & the System of Alliances • Each state was guided by its own self-interest & success • Not all ethnic groups had become nations • Slavic minorities in the Balkans & the Hapsburg Empire

13. II. Internal Dissent • Socialist labor movements • Conservative leaders feared that their countries were on the verge of revolution • The desire to suppress internal disorder may have encouraged them to plunge into war.

14. III. Militarism • Growth of mass armies • Conscription, a military draft • European armies doubled in size between 1890 & 1914 • Militarism - aggressive preparation for war • Influenced by Military leaders

15. IV. The Outbreak of War: Summer 1914 • Militarism, nationalism, desire to stifle internal dissent & the crisis in the Balkans in the summer of 1914 led directly to the conflict

16. A. The Serbian Problem • Serbia, supported by Russia wanted to create a large, independent Slavic state in the Balkans • Austria-Hungary which had its own Slavic minorities was determined to prevent this

19. B. Assassination in Sarajevo • The Black Hand, a Serbian terrorist organization wanted Bosnia to be free of Austria-Hungary • June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was killed by Gavrilo Princip

20. C. Austria-Hungary Responds • Wanted to attack Serbia • Sought the backing of their German allies • Emperor William II of Germany responded with a “blank check” & could rely on “full support” • July 28, war was declared

22. D. Russia Mobilizes • Czar Nicholas II mobilized the Russian army against Austria-Hungary • Mobilization is the process of assembling troops & supplies & making them ready for war. • Based on a war against both Germany & Austria-Hungary

23. E. The Conflict Broadens • Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914 • Germany’s military plans had been drawn up under General Alfred von Schlieffen

24. E. The Conflict Broadens • Schlieffen Plan, called for a two-front war with France & Russia. By declaring war on France, Germany brought Great Britain into the war. • Germany declared war on France on August 3, 1914

25. E. The Conflict Broadens • August 4, 1914, Great Britain declared war on Germany

26. Sarajevo the Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife to avenge the seizure of Bosnia by Austria

27. Section 2The War

29. Daily Objectives • Report how the stalemate at the Western Front led to new alliances, a widening of the war & new weapons.

30. Daily Objectives • Summarize how governments expanded their powers, increased opportunities for women & made use of propaganda.

31. I. 1914 to 1915: Illusions & Stalemate • propaganda, ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause • Most people believed the war would be over in a few weeks

32. A. The Western Front • Germany made a vast encircling movement through Belgium (who was neutral) into northern France • Halted a short distance from Paris • First Battle of the Marne

34. A. The Western Front • The Western Front reached a stalemate due to trench warfare • trench warfare, ditches protected by barbed wire • two lines of trenches soon reached from the English Channel to the frontiers of Switzerland

36. trench warfare http://collections.ic.gc.ca/courage/jpegs/soldierintrench.jpg

37. Trench Warfare Warfare in the trenches of the Western Front produced unimaginable horrors. Battlefields were hellish landscapes of barbed wire, shell holes, mud, and injured and dying men. The introduction of poison gas in 1915 produced new forms of injuries.

38. A. The Western Front • The Western Front had become bogged down in trench warfare that kept both sides in virtually the same positions for four years

40. B. The Eastern Front • Russian army defeated by the Germans at the battle of Tannenberg & theBattle of Masurian Lakes as a result, Russia was no longer a threat to German territory • Austrians defeated by the Russians in Galicia

41. B. The Eastern Front • Italy, attacked Austria in May 1915, & thus joined the *Triple Entente, now known as the Allied Powers, or Allies • German-Austrian army defeated the Russian army in Galicia & pushed Russians back

42. B. The Eastern Front • Russian causalities stood a 2.5 million • The Russians had almost been knocked, out of the war • Joined by Bulgaria in September 1915, Germany & Austria-Hungary eliminated Serbia

43. B. The Eastern Front • Their successes in the east would enable the Germans to move back to the offensive in the west • The Eastern Front was a more typical war of movement & maneuver

44. II. 1916 to 1917: The Great Slaughter • Trenches protected by barbed wire entanglements • Concrete machine-gun nests, heavy artillery • Troops lived in holes in the ground, separated by “no-man’s land”

45. http://www.greatwar.nl/frames/default-color.html

46. http://www.greatwar.nl/frames/default-color.html

47. A. Tactics of Trench Warfare • developments baffled military leaders • “Breakthrough” by throwing masses of men against enemy lines • Offensive began with an artillery barrage

48. A. Tactics of Trench Warfare • “softening up” the enemy” • flatten the enemy’s barbed wire & leave the enemy in a state of shock • Soldiers would climb out of their trenches with fixed bayonets & work their way toward enemy

49. http://www.greatwar.nl/frames/default-color.html

50. Advancing troops in the Battle of the Somme British artillery firing on the Germans at the Battle of the Somme