Water

1. Water One of Our Basic Needs

2. Water • What are the concerns about water quantity? • What are the concerns about water quality?

3. Major Points • How much fresh water is available? • Understand the water cycle (components and flow) • Understand where we our fresh water comes from

4. Water – Salt or Fresh? • What percent of the Earth’s water is fresh water?

5. Fresh Water • Fresh Water – 2.4% • Salt water – 97.6%

6. Fresh Water • What percent of fresh water is: • Groundwater? • Surface water? • Ice & snow?

7. Fresh Water • Fresh, surface water – 0.8% • Groundwater – 12% • Ice and snow – 87.2% Question: Where is the earth’s fresh, surface water found?

8. Liquid Fresh Surface Water • Liquid fresh (surface) water is found in: • Atmosphere • Ground water (soil moisture) • Lakes & reservoirs • Moisture in plants and animals • Rivers and streams • Wetlands • Rank these 6 fresh water sources (above) • The most fresh water (1) to the one that has the least fresh water (6) • Estimate the percentage of each of the 6 sources

9. Liquid Fresh Surface Water(where & how much?) • Lakes & reservoirs - 45.7% • Ground water - 23.8% • Moisture in plants and animals - 23.8% • Atmosphere - 4.8% • Rivers and streams - 1.6 % • Wetlands - 1.3%

10. The Water Cycle • What are the major components of the water cycle?

11. The Water Cycle Condensation Precipitation Evaporation Runoff Transpiration Infiltration Groundwater

13. Watershed • What is a watershed? • Why do we discuss/study/use the term watershed?

14. Watershed • Watershed - an area or region of land that drains into a lake, stream or river. • Ridges of higher land on the ground separate watersheds from each other. • The quantity and quality of water in streams, rivers, or lakes are dependent on what happens in its watershed.

15. Indiana Watersheds Where the water goes. * * Kankakee watershed, draining to IL River (straightened to drain wetlands for crops)

16. Indiana Water Use • What percent of Indiana’s drinking water comes from surface water?

17. Indiana Water Use • What percent of Indiana’s drinking water comes from surface water? • 40% of Indiana households drink surface water. • 60% of Indiana households use ground water, including everyone who uses a well. • Public water systems use both ground and surface water, depending on where they are located and what is available.

18. Wells • Where do wells pull water from? • What type of geologic formations are used (2 most prominent)?

19. Wells pull water from aquifers • Wells draw water from aquifers that hold water • The two prominent types of geologic formations used: • Sand or sand & gravel formation that stores water in the spaces between particles • Rock formation that stores water in fissures or cracks and joints

20. Aquifers can be unconfined or confined

21. Wells • How can wells become contaminated? • What can you do to protect your well?

22. Potential Sources of Well Contamination

23. Protecting Your Well Zone of Management Zone of Exclusion Well Well

24. Potential Sources of Well Contamination

25. Well Maintenance & Life Span • Protect the well casing • Inspect the casing and cap regularly • Keep well records and know where they are • Protect the well from contaminants • Landscape around the well to protect it from lawn mowers and other equipment • Follow all manufacturer maintenance recommendations • Well life span is usually 20 to 30 years

26. Drought • How did the 2012 drought affect you/your family/friendswater supply?

27. Across the U.S. • The January-July period was the warmest first seven months of any year on record for the contiguous United States. The national temperature of 56.4°F was 4.3°F above the long-term average. • More than 40,000 daily heat records were broken during the six hottest months. • The first seven months of 2012 were drier than average, ranking as 15th driest January-July on record.

28. Across the U.S. • The hot, dry summer followed a warm winter. In many Western river basins, snowpack — the lifeblood of rivers and essential for irrigation — was a fraction of the historical average. • Not even the stereotypically wet Southeast was spared. Central Georgia is mired in its second historic drought in the last five years, and the Flint River, vital for the state’s agricultural corridor, is seeing its lowest July flows ever.

29. Instruments on NASA’s Terra satellite compare plant growth in the first part of July to average conditions over the last decade. Green areas show vigorous growth, whereas brown areas indicate stunted crops. (Image courtesy NASA)

30. Hydrologic Demands • When the demands on a hydrologic system increase — when cities grow, when farming becomes more intensive and when water withdrawals increase— the consequences of heat and cloudless summer months are magnified. • In other words, a moderate dry period may now produce more serious effects than it would have in the past. A city of 100,000, for instance, is much more vulnerable than a city of 40,000, if water-use behaviors remain the same.

31. Drought and the Water Supply • Dr. Jane Frankenberger • YouTube video • What can this drought teach us?

32. Water Consumers • Worldwide • There are three categories of water users: agricultural, domestic, and industrial. • What percent % does agriculture use? • What agricultural practice uses the most water? • Agriculture uses: • 67% of water withdrawn (total amount removed for any purpose) • 85% of consumption (water withdrawn for human use)

33. Water Consumers • The agricultural practice that uses the most water is irrigation (particularly inefficient methods)

34. Indiana’s Water Shortage Plan History: • 1988: Drought focused attention on need for statewide plan to minimize impacts of a water shortage • 1991: Indiana General Assembly enacted HB 1260 which required DNR to develop Water Shortage Plan • 1994: Water Shortage Plan completed with input from Industry, Agriculture, Public Water Supplies, Municipalities, Environmental Groups, Government Agencies, etc.

35. July 10, 2012

36. Indiana’s Water Shortage Plan • Developed by a Task Force (as required by the state Senate Enrolled Act No. 369) • Suggested Model Ordinance • Development of a “Water Management Strategy” by Local Unit of Government • Adoption and Implementation of Ordinance for Effective Management of Water during Temporary Water Shortage • Development of Water Shortage Plan Web Page, www.in.gov/2423.htm

37. Water Management Strategies • Increase public awareness of value of water • Increase public knowledge of wise water use • Provide economic incentives for desirable water management practices • Enhance sum of net benefits from water resources • Reduce frequency, duration, and severity of water shortages • Provide economic development consistent with water supply outlook

38. Baseline Steamflow Policy • Ecological protection is understood to be one of the recognized “beneficial uses” of water in the State. • Therefore, the Water Shortage Task Force recommends that the 80-Percent Flow Duration (Q80) stream discharge for the months of May through October be used as a trigger to initiate a local action process to protect aquatic and riparian habitat by monitoring minimum streamflow in surface waters during a shortage.

39. Water Use Priorities • First Priority is for domestic purposes described in IC 14-25-1-3 • Second Priority is for the use of health and safety • Third Priority is for power production with contingency planning provisions • Fourth Priority is for industry and agriculture with contingency planning provisions • Fifth Priority is for power production, industry and agriculture without contingency planning provisions • Sixth Priority is for any other purpose

40. Task Force Recommendations • Encourage the Legislature to establish a sustainable Water Planning Task Forceto coordinate regional water supply and demand planning, and data collection efforts • Improve regional water conservation, allocation and management throughout Indiana • Protect public health and safety during water shortages

41. Task Force Recommendations • Implement policies and programs that encourage efficient use, including conservation of water in wet, normal, and dry years, and allocation during water shortage • Study the supply and demand by establishing water use databanks that are standardized and shared through metering and reporting requirements • Promote installation of accurate water metering devices at all withdrawal and/or end use points

42. Water Shortage Warning July 17, 2012 • To: Owners/Operators of Significant Water Withdrawal Facilities • Applicable to all counties in Indiana • Issued by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources and the Indiana Department of Homeland Security • Requested a voluntary reduction of current water use of 10-15%

43. Example: The Ogallala Aquifer • Center-pivot sprinklers are commonly used in the High Plains • Large quantities of groundwater pumped from the Ogallala Aquifer allows these semiarid western lands to yield abundant harvests

44. The Ogallala Aquifer • Water is being extracted 100 times the natural replacement rate (recharge) • Water level in the aquifer dropping at the rate of five feet per year • Eight states draw water from the aquifer: • Colorado • Kansas • Nebraska • New Mexico • Oklahoma • South Dakota • Texas • Wyoming

45. Report, 2012 • The High Plains Underground Water Conservation District says that agriculture producers are drawing water from the Ogallala Aquifer at unsustainable rates • They predict that the aquifer will dry up within the next 30 years • Cotton producers said the Conservation District is using its report to justify regulations to restrict groundwater and aquifer usage • Ag producers said the report has been manipulated to take control of the resource, not to conserve it

46. Many major aquifers have reduced yields due to over-pumping • Over-pumping also causes significant ground water quality issues

47. A Note about Bottled Water • In 2004, Americans, on average, drank 24 gallons of bottled water • Consumption of bottled water is growing more quickly than that of soft drinks and has more than doubled in the past decade • This year, Americans will spend around $9.8 billion on bottled water, according to the Beverage Marketing Corporation. • Ounce for ounce, it costs more than gasoline • Bottled water costs 250 to 10,000 times more than tap water. Globally, bottled water is now a $46 billion industry

48. FYI: bottled water industry Why has bottled water become so popular? “Companies like Coca Cola and Pepsi, with their Dasani and Aquafina bottled water products, spend millions of dollars on ads that depict fresh mountain springs and nature... when in fact both of these, like many other leading brands, use municipally treated tap water as the source.” --National Resources Defense Council

49. Surf Your Watershed • EPA – Environmental Protection Agency • Information available • Name • Other counties sharing this watershed • Watersheds upstream • Watersheds downstream • Stream flow information • Impaired waters • Website: http://cfpub.epa.gov/surf/locate/

50. Assignment Surf Your Watershed • Read the general instructions • Complete the assignment • Due: Wednesday, Aug. 28