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Altered Interpretations of Nature by Galileo, Descartes, and Newton

Explore how Galileo, Descartes, and Newton challenged traditional interpretations of nature and sources of knowledge, and how their ideas shaped the scientific revolution. Delve into the scientific method, the shift from geocentrism to heliocentrism, the impact of their theories on the Catholic Church, and the emergence of new scientific paradigms.

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Altered Interpretations of Nature by Galileo, Descartes, and Newton

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  1. What is my Question?

  2. Analyze how Galileo, Descartes, and Newton altered traditional interpretations of nature and challenged traditional sources of knowledge.

  3. The“What” • Self-conscious way of attaining knowledge about the world. • Theoretical and empirical development. (Scientific Method) • News institutional structure for gaining, verifying, and distributing knowledge.

  4. History of the Royal Society of London (1667)

  5. King Louis XIV visiting the Academy of Sciences Sebastian Le Clerc (1671)

  6. “Where-When-Who” • Where: France, Italy, the Netherlands, Great Britain. • When: From Copernicus (1543) to Newton (1727) • Who: Largely men who engage in an activity seen as masculine, although there were women as well.

  7. Einstien What is a Genius? Disney Mozart Gates

  8. Ancient and Medieval Science • Aristotle until 16th • Geo-centric. • Cosmos ordered into spheres. • Nature’s tendency was rest.

  9. A mover had to be found for every motion.

  10. Hypothesize some possible causes for such a scientific view during the medieval period?

  11. NewCultural and Political Horizons The New Philosophy of Science

  12. RevolutioninAstronomy • Aristotle until 16th • Geo-centric. • Cosmos ordered into spheres. • Nature’s tendency was rest.

  13. Vehement and passionateinterest inthe relationofgeneralprinciplestoirreducible and stubbornfacts.

  14. Copernicus • Planets move around the earth at different speed. • Concluded Helio-centric model • Shift in Theoretical astronomy • Angered Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish theologians.

  15. Tycho Brahe • How does the universe work? • Brahe reflected Copernicus theory of the earth revolving around the sun.

  16. Johannes Kepler • Shared the Copernican theory • Concluded the orbits were elliptical. • Three Laws of Plantary motion.

  17. Prioritizewhat were themost importantpoints?

  18. Francis Bacon • “Knowledge is Power” • Scientific Method • Empiricism • Novum Organum

  19. Galileo • The telescope • Observations concluded the sun rotated. • Falling objects velocity not determined by mass.

  20. First View of the Moon through a Telescope (1609)

  21. Descartes and Newton:Competing theories of Scientific Knowledge: • Descartes truth through deductive reasoning. • Newton followed Bacon’s insistence that scientific knowledge was through scientific experimentation.

  22. Rene Descartes • Deduction • 1637, published a Discourse of Method. • Cartesian Dualism

  23. SupportwithDeductiontheexistenceof YOU!

  24. Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727) • Principia, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy • Theory and experimentation.

  25. Falling apple related to planetary motion. • Kepler’s laws correct if planets were pulled toward the sun by a force. • Newtonian Synthesis: Heavens and earth in a uniform and infinite and mathematically regular universe.

  26. Biology as Physics • Harvey thinks of the heart as a pump.

  27. The Anatomy of Dr. Paaw of Leiden (1616) The Culture of Science • Mechanization of the world picture: the world as a matter in motion and the end of an allegorical relationship between heaven and earth.

  28. The Culture of Science • Science could be put to use in the interest civilization. Anatomoy Lesson of Dr. Nicholas Tulp (Rembrandt 1632)

  29. First Look at Spit under a Microscope Leeuwenhoek (1683)

  30. Botany Womenarekey inbotany. Maria SebillaMarien

  31. Analyze how Galileo, Descartes, and Newton altered traditional interpretations of nature and challenged traditional sources of knowledge.

  32. Challenge Aristotelian model espoused by the scholastics, and endorsed by the Catholic Church • Galileo challenges geo-centric world and moral dimensions. • Galileo’s universe conflicted with the Bible and Aristotle • Descartes’s reasoning based on empirical observation and deduction left no room for revelation. • Newton took Galileo’s physics and created a set of mathematical laws that explain motion and mechanics. • Scientific Method

  33. Compare and contrast the similarities between the ancient and medieval science and the new science?

  34. Suppose you were a member of government, how would you react to all of these new ideas?

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