Chapter 13-14

1. Chapter 13-14 Economy and Society 1820-1860

2. The Industrial Revolution Expands

3. Technology and Industry • The factors of production are resources • “Land” is natural resources. It includes lands, hills, sea, oceans, and air. • “Labor” is made up of the workers and managers who make the goods and services. • “Capital” is man-made goods that are used to produce other goods and services. Capital can also refer to the money used to invest in an industry.

4. Technology and Industry (cont.) • Advances in transportation sparked the success of many new industries. • Steamboats created the growth of cities suchas Chicago, Cincinnati, and Buffalo. • Railroad growth in the 1840s and 1850s connected places that were far apart. • A railway network in 1860 of nearly 31,000 miles of track linked cities in the North and Midwest. • Samuel Morse developed the telegraph in 1844.

5. Agriculture • New inventions changed farming methods • John Deere invented the steel-tipped plow in 1837. • Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper • Farmers began planting more wheat because they could harvest it faster.

6. Factories • Conditions worsened as factories grew. • Average workday = 11.4-hours • No laws regulated working conditions or protected workers. • By the 1830s workers began to organizeto improve working conditions. • Trade unions developed • Skilled workers of NYC went on strike in the mid-1830s.

7. Why People Migrated • Migrated mostly from Western Europe in the mid-1800’s • Push-Pull factors • Push factors: drives someone from their country • Population growth, agricultural changes, crop failures, Industrial Revolution, religious and political turmoil • Pull factors: draws someone to a country • Freedom, economic opportunity, abundant land

8. Immigrants in America • Scandinavians: settled in the Midwest • Many became farmers • Germans: Settled in the Midwest and Texas • Settled on farms and cities • Strongly influenced American culture • Many American customs originated from German immigrants

9. Irish Immigrants • Potato famine in the 1840’s caused many Irish to emigrate • Most Irish were poor and uneducated • Effects • Became city-dwellers • Took low paying and back-breaking jobs • Competed with free blacks for jobs nobody else wanted • 1.5-2 million fled Ireland • Made up 1/4 of the population of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore by 1850

10. Geography: Settlement of Germans and Irish, 1860 Back toTransparencies

11. Effects on Cities • Cities grew rapidly between 1800-1860 • Problems with rapid growth • Not enough houses • Disease spread from unsanitary conditions • Increase in crime • Most cities lacked a police force, fire departments, and sewage systems

12. Opposition to Immigration • Many immigrants faced anger and prejudice from native born citizens • Know-Nothing Party • Nativists party that opposed immigration • What they wanted • ban Catholics and foreign-born from holding of office • cut immigration • A 21-year wait to become a citizen

13. Economy of the South • The economy of the South thrived by 1850 because of cotton. • Became known as King Cotton • The value of slaves increased • The South remained rural and agricultural • The entire South produced fewer manufactured goods than the state of PA in the 1860s.

14. Economy of the South (cont.) • Barriers to industry developed in the South: • Farming was important, not new business. • Lack of capital • Believed their economy would continue to prosper. • Market for manufactured goodsin the South was smaller than in the North • Some Southerners did not want industry.

15. American Literature and Art

16. Writing about America • Romanticism: stressed individual, imagination, creativity, and emotion. • American writers and painters turned to nature for inspiration • Noah Webster: wrote a dictionary using American spelling and slang • Artists painted portraits of American landscapes

17. THE OXBOW by Thomas Cole http://www.pbs.org/wnet/ihas/icon/hudson.html#1

18. Genesee Scenery by Thomas Cole http://www.artchive.com/artchive/C/cole/cole_genesee.jpg.html

19. The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak by Albert Bierstadthttp://www.metmuseum.org/Works_of_Art/viewOnezoom.asp?dep=2&zoomFlag=0&viewmode=1&item=07%2E123

20. Kindred Spirit By Asher Durand http://www.artchive.com/artchive/d/durand/durand_kindred.jpg

21. Bird Sketches by John Jay Audubon

22. Following One’s Conscience • Transcendentalism: spiritual world more important than physical world • Find truth within one’s self • Encouraged people to be unique and to express their individual ideas • Ralph Waldo Emerson: urged Americans to develop their own beliefs • Henry David Thoreau: urged people not to obey laws they considered unjust

23. Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau

24. Exploring the Human Heart • Poets experimented with American dialect which shaped modern poetry • Walt Whitman and Emily Dickenson • Edgar Allen Poe developed the modern horror story and detective tail • Writers expressed how cruel actions have harmful effects and individuals could alter a society for good.

25. Emily Dickinson Walt Whitman

26. Reforming American Society

27. A Spirit of Revival • Second Great Awakening • anyone could choose salvation • Encouraged people to act to make things better • Temperance Society’s • Campaigned to stop the drinking of alcohol • Many people viewed that alcohol was corrupting society

28. Some workers spent most of their wages on alcohol, leaving their families in poverty. The progress of intemperance, Plate II. Sick and Repentant (1841), Nathaniel Currier

29. Fighting For Workers Rights • Women of the Lowell, MA Mills formed the first labor union • Called for better working conditions, higher wages, and shorter hours • Used the strike to force employers to accept demands

30. Factory work was noisy, boring, and unsafe. Power Loom Weaving (1836), George Savage White

31. Improving Education • Massachusetts set up the first state board of education in 1837 • Churches and other groups founded private colleges • Most barred women and African Americans • Alexander Twilight first African American to receive a degree in 1826

32. Caring for the Needy • Dorothy Dix fought for rights of the mentally ill • Efforts led to the building of 32 hospitals • Others opened schools for the deaf and blind • Reformers fought to improve prison conditions • Wanted to separate children from adults

33. Creating Ideal Communities • Some people sought to build utopias (ideal societies) • New Harmony, Indiana and Brook Farm, MA were two attempts that failed • Shakers: religious utopian society • vowed not to marry or have children • shared their goods with each other • refused to fight • Believed men and women were equal

34. Slavery, Abolition and Women’s Rights

35. Southern Society • Only a very few planters could afford the large plantations and numerous slaves to work them. • Southerners were of 4 types: yeomen, tenant farmers, rural poor, and plantation owners.

36. Southern Society (cont.) • Yeomen: farmers without slaves. • largest group of whites in the South. • Tenant farmers rented land, or worked on landlords’ estates. • Rural Poor: lived in cabins, planted corn, and fished and hunted for food • were self-sufficient and refused any work that resembled slave labor.

37. Southern Society (cont) • Plantation owners wanted to earn profits • Plantations had fixed costs, such as feeding and housing workers and maintaining equipment. • Planters sold their cotton to agents from cotton exchanges • Planters did not get any money until the agents sold the cotton • The agents did extend credit to the planters

38. Southern Society (cont) • The wealth of most plantations was measured by possessions • Only about 4 percent of the South’s farms and plantations held 20 or more slaves by 1860.

39. Life under Slavery • Some slaves worked in the house • Other slaves were skilled workers • Most were field hands • Slaves worked long hours, earned no money, and had little hope of freedom. • Many were separated from their families when sold to different plantation owners • Laws did not recognize marriages, but many slaves did marry.

40. Life under Slavery (cont.) • Slave codes made life more difficult. • Laws that controlled the slaves • Slaves kept their African culture alive and mixed it with American ways. • Spirituals : songs with a hidden message • Armed rebellions were rare • Nat Turner led a revolt in Southampton County, Virginia, in 1831. • They killed at least 55 whites before being captured. Turner was hanged.

41. Abolitionists Call for Ending Slavery • David Walker: Wrote Appeal . . . to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829 • Urged slaves to revolt • William Lloyd Garrison • Northern abolitionist • Wrote an anti-slavery newspaper • TheLiberator William Lloyd Garrison

42. Eyewitnesses to Slavery • Frederick Douglas • Runaway slave that had been educated • Spoke out about the horrors of slavery • Published an abolitionist newspaper • Sojourner Truth • Escaped slavery in 1827 • Adopted by Quakers • Used her life to promote abolition

43. Frederick Douglass Sojourner Truth

44. Underground Railroad • Series of escape routes for runaway slaves from the south to the north • Helped thousand of slaves escape to freedom • Harriet Tubman • Conductor on the Underground Railroad • Escaped from slavery in 1849 • Made 19 trips to the South to free enslaved persons

45. Harriet Tubman as "Conductor" with escaped slaves at an Underground Rail Road station Harriet Tubman

47. Women Reformers Face Barriers • Women were given few legal and political rights • Seneca Falls Convention: July 19-20, 1848 • Called by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott • Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions • Based on the Declaration of Independence • Listed complaints and resolutions of the women • Demanded rights for women, including suffrage • Convention was ridiculed by the nation • Began the women’s rights movement in America

48. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott

49. Continued Calls for Women’s Rights • Maria Mitchell • Founded the Association for the Advancement of Women • First women elected to the American Academy of Arts and Science • Susan B. Anthony • Built the women’s movement into a national organization • Supported laws that gave married women rights to their on property and wages • Fought for women’s suffrage

50. Susan B. Anthony Maria Mitchell