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THE EFFECTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE, TEMPERATURE, AND WATER CHANGES ON GULF RYEGRASS ( Lolium )

THE EFFECTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE, TEMPERATURE, AND WATER CHANGES ON GULF RYEGRASS ( Lolium ). Sophia Chen, Madeleine Granovetter, Michaela Hitchner, Kyle Huang, Akshay Kadhiresan, Johnna Margalotti, Stephanie Ren, Adeena Samoni, Kelsey Walter Advisor: Dr. Arun Srivastava Assistant: Runi Patel.

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THE EFFECTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE, TEMPERATURE, AND WATER CHANGES ON GULF RYEGRASS ( Lolium )

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  1. THE EFFECTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE, TEMPERATURE, AND WATER CHANGES ON GULF RYEGRASS (Lolium) Sophia Chen, Madeleine Granovetter, Michaela Hitchner, Kyle Huang, Akshay Kadhiresan, Johnna Margalotti, Stephanie Ren, Adeena Samoni, Kelsey Walter Advisor: Dr. Arun Srivastava Assistant: Runi Patel

  2. What is Global Climate Change? • Greenhouse effect

  3. Effects of Global Climate Change • Elevated temperatures

  4. Impact of Climate Change on the Biosphere

  5. The Investigation • How will global climate change affect the growth of future plants? • Observed species: • Ryegrass (Lolium) • Algae • Simulated conditions: • Increased levels of CO2 • Elevated temperature • Varied precipitation

  6. Hypotheses • Increased levels of CO2 • More CO2 will lead to more plant/algal growth and productivity • Elevated temperature • Plant/algal growth and productivity will be negatively affected at higher temperatures • Varied precipitation • Flood and drought conditions will hinder plant/algal growth and productivity

  7. Growth Density of Grass Samples Exposed to Varying Amounts of CO2 At higher CO2 levels, density of growth decreased.

  8. Average Height of Grass Samples Exposed to Varying Amounts of CO2 When exposed to the greatest amount of CO2, grass showed the most significant growth.

  9. Carbon Dioxide Manipulation Effects on Biomass Samples exposed to elevated levels of CO2 showed an increase in biomass

  10. Spectrophotometry Readings to Measure Chloroplast Count Absorbance spectrums for chloroplasts in CO2 variant trays with (A) initial values and (B) final values Key: 400 ppm = Red; 550 ppm = Yellow; 850 ppm = Blue As CO2 increased to 850 ppm, there were higher absorbance readings, indicating fewer chloroplasts.

  11. Color and Plasmolysis Comparison for CO2 Over time the plant’s color lightened and plasmolysis occurred when CO2 was increased.

  12. Fluctuations in pH Due to CO2 Manipulation pH remained relatively stable under conditions of elevated CO2

  13. Effects of CO2 on Algal Growth Increased CO2 leads to an increase in algal growth.

  14. The higher the temperature, the less the growth rate of the grass.

  15. Absorbance spectrums for chloroplasts in temperature-variant trays with (A) initial values and (B) final values; 31.6°C = Red; 29.6°C = Yellow; 32.0°C = Blue As the temperature decreased, there were fewer chloroplasts.

  16. Discussion (Temperature)

  17. Effects of Variable Water

  18. Effects of Variable Water

  19. Discussion (Water)

  20. Real Life Application • Agriculture industry • Change in ecosystems • Adapt to new living conditions • Global climate change will persist into the future and continue to be a growing issue

  21. Acknowledgments • Dr. Srivastava for his constant support, attention, and guidance • Dr. Cassano and Professor Scarano for always unlocking the greenhouse and being there for us in times of need • Dr. Surace for continually checking in on us • Runifor her all time leadership, dedication, care, undying love, and delicious grass cake

  22. Acknowledgments continued • The grass for being obedient and reciprocating our love and passion • NJGSS sponsors for providing us with this wonderful and invaluable experience • Independent College Fund of NJ/Johnson & Johnson • AT&T • Actavis Pharmaceuticals • Celgene • Novartis • Bayer Healthcare • Laura (NJGSS ’86) and John Overdeck • NJGSS Alumnae and Parents of Alumnae • Board of Overseers, New Jersey Governor’s Schools • State of New Jersey • Drew University

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Available from: http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.drew.edu/nature/journal/v407/n6802/full/407364a0.html Dissolved Oxygen [Internet]. Department of Wildlife & Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service; [cited 2014 Jul 29]. Available from: http://aquaplant.tamu.edu/faq/dissolved-oxygen/ Hannaway DB, Larson C, Myers D, Cool M. Annual Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) [Internet]. [updated 2004 Aug 13]. [cited 2014 Jul 29]. Available from: http://forages.oregonstate.edu/php/fact_sheet_print_grass.php?SpecID=2&use=Forage Taub DR. Effects of Rising Atmospheric Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide on Plants. Nature Education Knowledge. [Internet]. [cited 2014 Jul 29] 3(10):21. Available from: http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/effects-of-rising-atmospheric-concentrations-of-carbon-13254108Sullivan JT, Sprague VG. The Effect of Temperature on the Growth and Composition of the Stubble and Roots of Perennial Ryegrass. Plant Physiology. Oct 1949; [Internet]. [cited 2014 Jul 29] 24(4): 706-719. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC437418/?page=12 Smillie RM, Critchley C, Bain JM, Nott R. Effect of Growth Temperature on Chloroplast Structure and Activity in Barley. Plant Physiology. 1978; [Internet]. [cited 2014 Jul 29] 62:191-196. Available from:  http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/62/2/191.full.pdf+html Temperature, Precipitation, and Drought [Internet]. National Climatic Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); [cited 2014 Jul 29]. Available from: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/.

  24. References (Images) http://sites.duke.edu/biology217_01_s2011_mkg14/files/2011/04/rtr1kqtc.jpg http://blog.fitnesstown.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/greenhouse-gases.jpg http://www.samefacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/glacier152fbe8bff3a5f.jpg http://www.weather.gov/images/nws/features/532019.JPG http://www.nab.vu/sites/all/files/coral-bleaching-1.jpg https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSVTV0-tAwgYMpSWs7ULwvF2uCPf2rJwXYS6WWb43DNNc4OITQQ http://images.huffingtonpost.com/2014-01-08-DroughtSunEarthDrReeseHalter.jpg https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS5gCa3--mSY-SbOJWu9y36ui65uRvvTPnxdn_ausFVReq_PJOgFYxdbVtg http://www.climate-change-guide.com/images/polar-bear-trapped.jpg And KYLE HUANG NJGSS ‘14

  25. Statistical Analysis: Grass Height Control (400 ppm) versus increased CO2 (550 ppm) H0: μ1 = μ2 Hα: μ1 > μ2 Given that μ1 is the true mean growth height for the grass treated with 550 ppm and μ2 is the true mean growth height for the grass treated with 400 ppm, assume that the sample is random, independent, and normal, then run a two-sample T test. t = -0.6634 | p = 0.7378 | df = 8.5905 x̄1 = 11.505 | x̄2 = 11.920 | Sx1 = 1.2843 | Sx2 = 0.8357 α = 0.05 The p-value, 0.7378, is far greater than the significance level of 0.05. We thus have insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis, and maintain that the true average height of grass treated with 550 ppm of CO2 is not significantly greater than that of grass treated with 400 ppm of CO2.

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