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I HOPE YOU HAD A NICE

BREAK!!!. I HOPE YOU HAD A NICE. EXAM TERMS!!!. I HOPE YOU HAD SUCCESSFUL. SPEAKING ABOUT EXAMS…. …IF YOU STILL DO NOT HAVE YOUR EJ1 (OJV1+GEJ1) GRADES…. …REGISTERED IN YOUR STUDENT ID BOOKS…. YOU CAN HAVE THEM REGISTERED DURING OLGA’S OFFICE HOURS !. NOW. Welcome to our new course….

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I HOPE YOU HAD A NICE

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  1. BREAK!!! I HOPE YOU HAD A NICE

  2. EXAM TERMS!!! I HOPE YOU HAD SUCCESSFUL

  3. SPEAKING ABOUT EXAMS…

  4. …IF YOU STILL DO NOT HAVE YOUR EJ1 (OJV1+GEJ1) GRADES…

  5. …REGISTERED IN YOUR STUDENT ID BOOKS…

  6. YOU CAN HAVE THEM REGISTERED DURING OLGA’S OFFICE HOURS!

  7. NOW...

  8. Welcome to our new course… ENGLESKI JEZIK 2: GRAMATIKA ENGLESKOG JEZIKA 2 …also known as…

  9. GEJ2

  10. A BRIEF COURSE DESCRIPTION: GRADING • ENGLESKI JEZIK 2 - GRAMATIKA ENGLESKOG JEZIKA 2 (GEJ2): • ATTENDANCE 15% (10% att. + 5% activity) • TEST 25% • WRITTEN EXAM30% (55% minimum correct) • ORAL EXAM 30% • TEST: to take place in April (most probably second half) • ORAL EXAM: three questions: • 2 theoretical questions (GEJ2 + relevant topics from GEJ1) • 1 practical question (e.g. explain the usage of the passive voice in five sentences)

  11. A BRIEF DIGRESSION...

  12. EJ2-OJV2 GRADING • ENGLESKI JEZIK 2 – OBJEDINJENE JEZIČKE VEŠTINE 2 (OVJ2): • ATTENDANCE/PARTICIPATION: 10% • 3.33% PER EACH PART OF THE COURSE • I.e. 3.33% for PRESENTATIONS, 3.33% for WRITING, 3.33% for TEXT ANALYSIS • PRESENTATIONS30% (pre-exam) • WRITING 30% (pre-exam) • TEXT ANALYSIS 30% (WRITTEN EXAM) • PRE-EXAM TESTS: probablyto take place in MAY

  13. TO SUM UP…

  14. ENGLESKI JEZIK 2

  15. (TENTATIVE) COURSE SCHEDULE • FEBRUARY: Adjective Phrase • MARCH: Adjective Phrase (wrap-up), Adverb Phrase, Prepositional Phrase • APRIL: Adverbials and SIMPLE SENTENCE • MAY: COMPLEX SENTENCE

  16. CLASS #1: AP CLASS #2: AP/AdvP CLASS #3: AdvP, PP CLASS #4: PP CLASS #5: ADVERBIALS CLASS #6: ADVERBIALS CLASS #7: MIDTERM OVERVIEW AND SIMPLE SENTENCE INTRO MIDTERM TEST CLASS #8: SIMPLE SENTENCE CLASS #9: SIMPLE SENTENCE CLASS #10: COMPLEX SENTENCE CLASS #11: COMPLEX SENTENCE CLASS #12: COMPLEX SENTENCE , WRAP-UP & ORAL EXAM HINTS

  17. The Same Ones as in the Last Semester TEXTBOOKS

  18. TEXTBOOKS • Greenbaum & Quirk, A Student’s Grammar of the English Language

  19. TEXTBOOKS • Đurić & Šević, A Student’s Workbook of English Grammar

  20. Speaking about the workbook…

  21. … it is possible that I made a blunder…

  22. A Student’s Workbook of English Grammar • Are there 14 pages at the end of your workbook that look like this?

  23. A Student’s Workbook of English Grammar • Those are feedback/comprehension forms that we will use at the end of each lecture. • You will answer 10 to 15 questions that deal with the fundamental concepts introduced in each lecture. You will not be graded. I will use the data to modify the following presentation. • They are formatted in such a strange way, because they will be assessed by the computer using an OMR program. • However, we won’t be doing it today.

  24. NOW… LET’S INTRODUCE OUR TODAY’s TOPIC

  25. WHAT ARE THESE?

  26. ADJECTIVES!

  27. ADJECTIVES AND THE AP CLASS #1 2012-02-22

  28. WHAT IS AN ADJECTIVE?

  29. ADJECTIVES • Adjectives are traditionally defined as a part of speech: • which describes a noun: a word that describes or qualifies a noun or pronoun • According to more recent linguistic theories, an adjective is: • a word whose main syntactic role is to provide detailed information about qualities that are compatible with the noun which the adjective modifies • A PREGNAT WHALE • *A PREGNANT TABLE

  30. FORMS OF ADJECTIVES • How to identify an adjective: • SUFFIXES – there are several suffixes which are distinctively adjectival: -able, -ible, -ful, -less, -ic, -ive, -ant, -ous, -al, -ish, -ly, • PARTICIPLES and –ed forms – ING PARTICIPLES and PAST PARTICIPLES can function as adjectives: • a surprising visit, a surprised visitor • However, some –ed forms are just adjectives because there is no corresponding verb, eg. a talented actor

  31. FORMS OF ADJECTIVES • The biggest problem, as far as identifying an adjective is concerned, is how to distinguish between an adverb and an adjective: • SOMETIMES THE ADJECTIVE AND THE ADVERB HAVE THE SAME FORM: late, fast, daily, early, monthly • A fast car VS. He drives fast. • Early morning. VS. He came early. • SOMETIMES THE ADJECTIVE HAS THE –LY SUFFIX WHICH IS TYPICALLY AN ADVERB SUFFIX: • A friendly smile • He greeted me in a friendly way. • *He greeted me friendly.

  32. FORMS OF ADJECTIVES (cont.) • SOMETIMES THERE ARE TWO WORDS WITH THE SAME ROOT WHICH LOOK LIKE AND ADJECTIVE-ADVERB PAIR, BUT THEY CAN BOTH BE ADVERBS WITH DIFFERENT MEANINGS: high and highly, hard and hardly, etc. • He works hard. VS. He hardly works. • SOMETIMES, ESPECIALLY IN AMERICAN ENGLISH, IT IS POSSIBLE TO USE THE NON-DERIVED FORM (without –LY) AS AN ADVERB: • Think positive! Think positively! • I hear you loud and clear!

  33. ADJECTIVE PHRASES: general characteristics • PARADIGM – adjectives can be compared • FUNCTION (syntactic function – their function in the sentence) An ADJECTIVE PHRASE is a phrase that has an ADJECTIVE as its HEAD.

  34. ADJECTIVAL PARADIGM • Adjectival paradigm consists of three forms: • POSITIVE e.g. BIG • COMPARATIVE e.g. BIGGER • SUPERLATIVE e.g. BIGGEST • However, not all adjectives can be compared: • Adjectives denoting ULTIMATE STATES and UNGRADABLE PROPERTIES cannot be compared: • He is deader. or Mary is more pregnant than Janet.

  35. TYPES OF ADJECTIVAL COMPARISON • On the basis of the category of DEGREE, it is possible to distinguish THREE types of adjectival comparison: • COMPARISON TO THE SAME DEGREE: • Mark is as intelligent as John. • COMPARISON TO A HIGHER DEGREE: • Mark is older than John. • COMPARISON TO A LOWER DEGREE: • Mark is less sociable than John.

  36. ADJECTIVE PHRASES: function • [An [expensive]painting] has been stolen from… • This painting is [expensive]. INDEPENDENT FUNCTION = PREDICATIVE FUNCTION Adjective Phrase has an INDEPENDENT FUNCTION IN THE SENTENCE, i.e. it functions as s SENTENCE ELEMENT. Cs – subject complement: That painting is AP[very beautiful]. Co – object complement: He made his parents AP[proud]. The policeman kicked the door AP[open]. • DEPENDENT FUNCTION = ATTRIBUTIVE FUNCTION • Adjective Phrase is a PART OF ANOTHER PHRASE, i.e. a part of the NP, its function is to modify the meaning of the HEAD NOUN. • Typically, an attributive adjective follows the determiner and precedes the noun: NP[a AP[very beautiful] painting] or NP[an AP[expensive] gift] • However, in some cases the adjective follows the HEAD NOUN: • NP[somebody AP[important]] or NP[secretary AP[general]]

  37. FORMS OF THE ADJECTIVE PHRASE • TWO TYPES of adjective phrases: • SIMPLE • AP=Adj e.g. intelligent • COMPLEX • Complex APs with PREMODIFICATION: AP=Adv+Adj very intelligent AP=Adj+Adv intelligent enough, marvelous indeed • Complex APs with COMPLEMENTATION: AP=Adj+PP intelligent beyond your expectations AP=Adj+Clnon-fin intelligent [enough] [to quit that job] AP=Adj+Clfin certain that he will succeed

  38. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THERE IS MORE THAN ONE ADJECTIVE IN A SINGLE PHRASE? LET’S TRY TO DESCRIBE A PHOTO!

  39. POSITION AND ORDER OF ADJECTIVES • PREMODIFYING POSITION = typical position of attributive adjectives in NPs • MANY ADJECTIVES CAN CO-OCCUR IN THIS POSITION WHAT IS THEIR RELATIVE ORDER? THE ORDER OF ADJECTIVES IN THE PRMODIFYING POSITION IS FIXED. beautiful/cuddly large roundish young white domesticated English lop bunny

  40. EXCEPTIONS AND ADDITIONAL RULES: • ONLY ONE IS OK. WHICH ONE? • handsome hot cute Italian guy • handsome cute hot Italian guy • hot cute handsome Italian guy • cute hot handsome Italian guy • cute handsome hot Italian guy • IF THERE ARE SEVERAL ADJECTIVES OF THE SAME TYPE, YOU ORDER THEM ACCORDING TO THEIR LENGTH.

  41. EXCEPTIONS AND ADDITIONAL RULES: • hot cute handsome Italian extremely and amazingly intelligent guy • dangerous new non-opportunistic infections • IF THERE IS ONE EXTREMELY LONG (= number of syllables) ADJECTIVE PHRASE IT TAKES THE FINAL POSITION REGARDLESS OF ITS TYPE

  42. SEMANTICS OF ADJECTIVES i.e. their meaning

  43. SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF ADJECTIVES (pg. 97) • semantic, adj. = relating to the meanings of words

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