2013 Chinese Dynasties

1. 2013 Chinese Dynasties

2. Pronunciations • Huang He hwahng he • Shang shong • Zhou Joe • Loess less • Henan hey – nahn • Wei way • Qin chin

3. A Dynasty isa line of rulers that come from the same family An aristocrat is anoble, or upper class person, whose wealth comes from their land Key Terms….

4. China’s history is usually divided into time periods based on the rule of different dynasties. A ‘dynasty’ is a ruling family that passes the power to rule down through the generations. These rulers were thought to be ‘divine’, or actual gods, and thus were obeyed without question.

5. Four Chinese Dynasties

6. Warring States Period

7. Period of the Warring States

8. Small States Fight Result of rebellions was Warring States Period • 403 BC to 221 BC, number of small states fought each other for land, power • Zhou still nominally in charge, but power almost nonexistent by mid-200s BC • Qin, new dynasty, arose to bring end to Warring States Period, Zhou dynasty

9. After further political consolidation, seven prominent states remained by the end of 5th century B.C., and the years in which these few states battled each other are known as the Warring States Period. Warring States Period 475B.C.-220 B.C.

10. Warring States Period • China lacked a strong government to stop the power struggles within the ruling-class families • Chinese society fell into a period of disorder.

11. Fighting lasted for almost 200 years during the “Period of the Warring States.” Things invented during this conflict • Saddle & Stirrup • Crossbows

12. Qin Dynasty

14. The Qin Dynasty • Qin Dynasty (221-202 BCE) • Very short lived • Qin Shi Huangdi assumed control of China • Declared himself as China’s first Emperor http://www.chinahighlights.com/image/map/ancient/qin-dynasty-map1.gif

15. Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty, 221-206 B.C.E. • Established China’s first empire  • Shi Huangdi (221-206 B.C.E) • Legalist rule  • Bureaucratic administration • Centralized control • Military expansion • Book burnings  targetedConfucianists • Buried protestors alive! • Built large section of the Great Wall

16. Qin Dynasty: Government • Shi Huangdi created a strong centralized govt. • Power taken from feudal lords • Appointed bureaucrats to help maintain control • Brutal and unpopular ruler; placed the state above the people • Promoted Legalism • Authoritarian ruler • Use of force, strong military and discipline to maintain order • System of rewards and punishments to shape behavior

17. Harsh system of rule: Legalism • The best way to control human behavior is through written law rather than through rituals, customs, or ethics. • laws maintain the stability of the state from the people who are selfish and ignorant. • laws let the ruler govern efficiently and sometimes ruthlessly. • Text apart from law books were considered useless (and were often destroyed along with other “arts”)

18. Belief Systems – China:Legalism in Practice • Shi Huangdi, leader of the Qin Dynasty made Legalism the first “ruling ideology” in China’s history. • Created an authoritarian system: - non-Legalist political philosophies (including Confucianism) were banned - books offering views contrary to Legalist principles were burned - all disagreements with the government was made a capital crime • The dynasty was overthrown because it was too oppressive

19. Belief Systems – China:Legalism in Practice • People were conscripted for mandatory state projects: Irrigation projects Construction of sections of the Great Wall

20. The Legalist Philosophy of the Qin conflicted with other political “philosophies” of the time… • Confucianism • Good government requires men of benevolence, virtue, and culture • Governments should promote these traits; their absence leads to chaos • all people have virtue and are educable Kong Fuzi - “Confucious”

21. Qin Shi Huangdi: China’s first Emperorhttp://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/picts/firstemperor.gif

22. Qin Dynasty 221B.C.-207 B.C. When Qin Shi Huang Di(chin sure-hwang-dee). united China in 221 BC, he felt that his achievements had surpassed those of all the rulers who have gone before him. So he combined the ancient titles of Huang (皇) and Di(帝) to create a new title, Huangdi (皇帝), usually translated as Emperor. He relied heavily on strict legal codes. To silence criticism of imperial rule, he banished or put to death many dissenting Confucian scholars and confiscated and burned their books.

23. Qin was a ruler of a local state during the Zhou dynasty. He gradually took over neighboring states and declared himself Qin Shihuangdi, or First Qin Emperor. B. Qin’s rule was based on legalism. C. Qin abolished the officials’ authority to pass their posts on to their sons. He became the only person authorized to fill empty posts.

24. D. Qin united China, created one type of currency, ordered the building of roads and buildings, and connected the Chang Jiang to central China by canal. E. The Great Wall of China was built to protect the Chinese from the Xiongnu, a nomadic people living north of China. Qin forced the farmers to build the wall. F. Chinese people believed Qin Shihuangdi was a harsh ruler, and they overthrew his dynasty after his death.

25. Creating an Empire • Do you think Shihuangdi’s strategy of conquest helped or hurt China? • Increased China’s size…helped • Cost many lives & used harsh measures to maintain power… hurt • How di Qin Shihuangdi end feudalism? Why did he do this? • Replaced feudalism with a government he controlled • So that powerful lords wouldn’t be a threat to him

26. Qin Dynasty: Government • Expansion into South, new territory • Held world’s first Census • High taxes to support military and construction projects • Standardization of coins, weights, measures, roads • Outlawed slavery • Increased free peasantry that could be taxed and conscripted for labor and military • Construction on what would become the “Great Wall” to north • Protection from invasion

27. Government Structure • He provided a single law code for the whole empire (laws posted for all to see) • Established a uniform tax system • Appointed governors to control (legal/military) each district. • Standardized weights and measures • Standardized written Chinese language!

28. Economic Power! • Public works intended to improve economy • Canals • Irrigation • Acquisition of areas rich in iron ore • Mass mobilization of FORCED LABOR for public works including Great Wall of China • 700,000 workers used to create capital city

29. Standardizing the Culture • Why did the Emperor of Qin standardize money, weights, & measures? • To make trade easier on the people • How did Emperor Qin change the written language? • He simplified it by eliminating some of the characters

30. Qin Shi Huang Di standardized Chinese characters, as well as weights and measures.

31. The Chinese worked on the Great Wall for over 1700 years. In turn, each emperor who came to power added pieces of the wall to protect their dynasties. But the wall was not a solid wall. It was  a line of disconnected barricades.    • First Emperor Qin wanted a much better barricade to protect his people from the Mongol invaders to the north. He wanted a strong wall 30 feet wide and 50 feet high. 

32. To fend off nomad invation, the fortification walls built by various Warring States were connected to make a 3,107 miles Great Wall. The Great Wall is actually four great walls rebuilt or extended during the Western Han, Sui, Jin and Ming periods.

33. Emperor Qin used peasants, captured enemies, criminals, scholars, and anyone else who irritated him, & put them all to work building the Great Wall. Laborers were not paid for their work. It was slave labor. About 3,000 people worked on the wall during the Qin Dynasty. Rocks fell on people & walls caved in. Workers died of exhaustion and disease. Laborers were fed only enough food to keep them alive. There’s an old Chinese saying, "Each stone in the wall represents a life lost in the wall's construction. • This project continued long after Emperor Qin’s death. Building the wall was a project that continued for many hundreds of years until the wall was over 3700 miles long. Most emperors used the same system that Qin used, forced labor.   Today, the Great Wall still stands. It can be seen from space, it’s that big! 

34. Protecting the Northern Border • How did the emperor protect China’s northern border? • Building the Great Wall • What difficulties did workers who constructed the Great Wall face? • Wall was built across high mountains, deserts, swamps, and quicksand • Cold winters & hot summers • Northern invaders attacking workers • Workers were forced to work and many died

35. Ending Opposition • Why was there a conflict between Confucian scholars & the emperor? • Scholars believed in proper behavior & good examples…not harsh laws • What did the emperor do to prevent people from learning about Confucianism? • He ordered all Confucian books burned • Anyone who discussed Confucian teachings to criticize the government would be put to death

36. The exquisite terracotta army of the first Qin Dynasty ruler Shihuangdi represents the emperor’s ability to control the resources of the newly unified China, and his attempt to recreate and maintain that empire in the afterlife. • The soldiers are part of Shihuangdi's tomb, located near the modern town of Xi'an, Shaanxi province in China. Close up of soldier in Emperor Qin's terra cotta army, Qin Dynasty, China

37. The terra cotta army was discovered by accident in 1974 at Xian, when local farmers digging wells about a mile west of the mausoleum broke into a pit containing 6,000 life-size terracotta figures. Altogether over 7,000 terra cotta soldiers, horses, chariots, and even weapons have been unearthed from these pits. It is believed that an army of more than 8,000 terra cotta soldiers were buried fifteen to twenty feet beneath the earth not far from the tomb where Emperor Qin is believed to be buried . Terracotta Army

38. Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army

39. Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army

40. The workers who made the soldiers may have modeled after the real soldiers of Emperor’s army. Each soldier appears to have his own individual personality. Some are almost smiling; some look very stern. Some look like they are middle aged, and some are very young. Each has his own mustache and different hairstyles. The soldiers were set up in real battle formation. Each man held an actual weapon. They are as sharp today as they were twenty-two centuries ago. The ancient Chinese had a very strong belief in the afterlife. The army was meant to protect Emperor Qin in death, that’s why there were such incredible efforts to be realistic. The more lifelike the soldiers looked, the more effective they would be in guarding the Emperor against his enemies in the afterlife. He was a ruthless leader who ordered people to work on his huge projects. Historians believe that during Qin’s rule, one out of every ten Chinese was put to work creating not only Qin’s terra-cotta army but also 270 magnificent palaces. Archeologists are convinced that Qin is buried in a spectacular tomb located inside a tomb pyramid in the center of the field where the terra-cotta army was found. In ancient Chinese history books, the tomb is called Mount Li, and is said to contain fabulous jewels, miniature cities, and rivers of mercury that flow to a man-made sea.

41. Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Soldiers& Cavalrymen

42. Cavalry

43. Qin Shi Huangdi’s Tomb http://images.china.cn/images1/200710/410654.jpg http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/01/0e/e3/90/terra-cotta-soldiers.jpg http://www.ibiblio.org/chineseart/contents/ache/img/c02s01i01.jpg

44. Qin Achievements Building Projects • Massive government building projects gave jobs to many poor workers. • New roads were built and maintained to provide easy access to and from these buildings. Water Systems • Canals were built to connect rivers and keep trade fast and efficient. • Irrigation systems that are still in use today watered the fields and made more land good for farming.

45. End of the Qin Dynasty • List three things that were buried in the Emperor of Qin’s tomb • Huge terra-cotta army • Tools • Precious jewels • What happened to the Qin dynasty after the death of Qin Shihuangdi? • It was overthrown shortly after the death of the Emperor of Qin

46. Qin (Chin) mistakes • Burned books • Destroyed major fortifications of the states • Assassinated powerful leaders & scholars • Collected arms of the empire & melted arrowheads & spears to make 12 statues • Failed to rule with humanity—lost the Mandate of Heaven Dr Jessica Stowell OU Confucius Institute

47. Fall of the Qin Dynasty • Qin Dynasty was unpopular among the people • Tight control and brutal rule • After death of Shi Huangdi, the Dynasty soon fell • Huangdi was buried in an elaborate tomb complete with an army of terracotta soldiers • Replaced by the Han Dynasty

48. Peasant uprisings ended rule of Qin Dynasty • Han & Roman Empires were simultaneous • Traded through Silk Road • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4rmq7803pY&feature=related end of the emperor Dr Jessica Stowell OU Confucius Institute

49. Decline and Fall of the Qin Empire • Taxes are too high. • Peasants (farmers) have to work for free one month of the year and must serve in the military. • Legalism philosophy means harsh punishments. • Government burns books that don’t teach legalism. • Thousands of common people die building the Great Wall. • What is the result?

50. Han Dynasty