Wars of Religion

1. Wars of Religion

2. Hapsburg-Valois Wars • 1519-1559 • Treaty of Catuau-Cambresis • France kept HRE from gaining land in Germany, but helped the spread of Lutheranism w/o knowing • Spain defeated France for control of Sicily, Naples, and Milan

3. Religious Issues • From 1560 to 1648 wars would be fought largely over religious issues • Spain sough to squash Protestantism in Western Europe and spread of Islam in Mediterranean • HRE sought to re-impose Catholicism in Germany • A civil war occurred in England between Puritans and Anglicans

4. Spain’s Catholic Crusade • Philip II sought to re-impose Catholicism in Europe • Spain became dominant country in Europe under Philip II • Spain waged a war against the Turks in the Mediterranean to secure the region for Christian

5. The Dutch Revolt • William I led 17 provinces against the Spanish Inquisition • United Provinces of the Netherlands formed in 1581 • Received aid from England under Elizabeth I • Major blow to Philip’s goal of maintaining Catholicism throughout his empire

6. Spanish vs. England • Queen Mary Tudor had tried to re-impose Catholicism in England • When she died, Queen Elizabeth I reversed Mary’s course via the “Elizabethan Settlement” • Elizabeth later refused Philip’s request for marriage • Elizabeth helped the Protestant Netherlands gain independence from Spain • Philip sought revenge for England’s support for the Dutch as well as hoping to make England Catholic again

7. Spanish Armada • Spain’s attempt to invade England ended in disaster • Much of Spain’s navy lay in ruins due to a raging storm in the English Channel as well as the effectiveness of England’s smaller but better armed navy • Signaled the rise of England as a world naval power

8. French Civil Wars • At least 9 occurred in last half of the 16th century • After death of Henry II in 1559, a power struggle between three families began • 3 French kings from 1559-1589 were dominated by their mother, Catherine de’ Medici, wanted to maintain Catholic control of France

9. St. Bartholomew Day Massacre • August 24, 1572 • Marriage of Margaret of Valois to Henry of Navarre intended to reconcile Catholics and Huguenots • Night before wedding, Catholics murdered leader of the Huguenots • Catherine de’ Medici ordered killings of Calvinist • 20,000 Huguenots killed by October 3

10. Henry IV • 1553-1610 • First Bourbon king of France • His rise to power ended the French Civil Wars • He sought practical political solutions • He converted to Catholicism to gain the loyalty of Paris, but privately remained a Calvinist

11. Edict of Nantes • Henry IV granted a degree of religious toleration to Huguenots • Permitted right to worship (not publicly) • Gained access to universities, public office, and land in western France

12. Thirty Years’ War • 1618-1648 • Most important war of the 17th century • Failure of the Peace of Augsburg • German princes right to choose religion • Lasted 60 years

13. Four Phases of the War • Bohemian Phase • Danish Phase • Swedish Phase • French Phase

14. Bohemian Phase • Triggered war in Bohemia • HRE placed severe restrictions on Protestantism • HRE officials were beaten • In retaliation, HRE sought to annihilate the Calvinist nobility in Bohemia • Protestantism eliminated in Bohemia

15. Danish Phase • Represented the height of Catholic power during war • HRE hired Albrecht von Wallenstein • Won numerous battles against Protestants • Edict of Restitution, 1629 • All church territories that had been secularized were to be restored to Catholicism

16. Swedish Phase • Protestants liberated territory lost in Danish phase • GustavusAdophus (King of Sweden) led an army to push Catholics back to Bohemia • Battle of Breitenfeld, 1631 • Ended hopes of unifying Germany under Catholicism • HRE annulled the Edict of Restitution • Swedish defeated and French became involved

17. French Phase • International Phase • Cardinal Richelieu of France allied with Protestant forces to defeat the HRE • Richelieu’s policies reflect Catholic France’s paramount diplomatic concerns as political, not religious

18. Treaty of Westphalia • 1648 • Ended the Catholic Reformation in Germany • Renewal of Peace of Augsburg • Added Calvinism to accepted faith • Guaranteed Germany would remain divided politically and religiously for centuries

19. Dissolution of HRE • Netherlands and Switzerland gained their independence from Spanish rule • 300+ German states became sovereign • The pope was denied the right to intervene in HRE affairs

20. Results of Thirty Years’ War • Germany physically devastated • Germany was further divided by decline of HRE • Ended the wars of religion • Beginning the rise of France as the dominant European power

21. English Civil War • Puritan Revolution • Struggle between King and Parliament • Parliament composed of many Puritans (English Calvinist) and Presbyterians • Civil War broke out in 1642 • Cavaliers supported the king • Roundheads (Calvinists) opposed the king

22. Oliver Cromwell • Led his Puritan forces to victory in 1649 • New Model Army • Pride’s Purge • Removed all non-Puritans and Presbyterians from Parliament • Without Cromwell’s knowlegde

23. New Sects • Levellers • Radical religious revolutionaries • Diggers • Denied Parliament authority and rejected private land owning • Quakers • Believed in “inner light” • Rejected church authority • Pacifists