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The Central Dogma of Biology

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The Central Dogma of Biology

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    1. The Central Dogma of Biology Tia Gorhau, Lindsey Sniffen, Michelle Zhao, Hunter Pearl, Maria Wissler

    2. The Central Dogma of Biology

    3. Three Types of RNA mRNA: messenger RNA Carries information from nucleus to ribosome rRNA: ribosomal RNA Associates with proteins to form ribosome tRNA: transfer RNA Carries amino acids to the ribosome

    4. VIDEO!

    5. Gene Expression and its 3 Main Parts gene expression: process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product products include: proteins, RNA  used by all living organisms  Three main parts  DNA-Replication The DNA is replicated to make an exact copy of the DNA in a cell Transcription The DNA is transcribed into RNA Translation The RNA is read to order amino acids to make a protein

    6. Genetic Code Genetic code is the series of codons that make up an organism's DNA  consists of 64 triplets (codons) of nucleotides  each codon encodes for one of the 20 amino acids for synthesis of proteins  AUG starts translation and codes for the amino acid Methionine (Met)  

    7. Genetic Code Can be expressed through RNA codons or DNA codons  RNA codon Read during transcription (synthesis of polypeptides) Are read from 3' to 5' of mRNA  Nucleotides: Uracil, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine DNA codon Are read from 5' to 3' strand of DNA Nucleotides: Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine Guanine

    9. Terminology mRNA - abbreviated form for messenger ribonucleic acid, the type of RNA that codes for the chemical blueprint for a protein (during protein synthesis) rRNA - a nucleic acid found in all living cells; plays a role in transferring information from DNA to the protein-forming system of the cell; rRNA sits in the ribosome, decoding the mRNA into various amino acids and assisting in translation Transcription - the process of transcribing or making a copy of genetic information stored in a DNA strand into a complementary strand of RNA (messenger RNA or mRNA) with the aid of RNA polymerase

    10. Terminology Translation - a step in protein biosynthesis wherein the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain; follows transcription in which the DNA sequence is copied (or transcribed) into an mRNA Ribosome - a molecule consisting of two subunits that fit together and work as one to build proteins according to the genetic sequence held within the messenger RNA (mRNA); using the mRNA as a template, the ribosome traverses each codon, pairing it with the appropriate amino acid; done through interacting with transfer RNA (tRNA) containing a complementary anticodon on one end and the appropriate amino acid on the other

    11. Terminology Codon - A set of three adjacent nucleotides, also called triplet, in mRNA that base-pair with the corresponding anticodon of tRNA molecule that carries a particular amino acid, hence, specifying the type and sequence of amino acids for protein synthesis. Template - almost exclusively used to refer to a nucleotide sequence that directs the synthesis of a sequence complementary to it by the rules of Watson crick base pairing Amino acid -the building block of protein in which each is coded for by a codon and linked together through peptide bonds Reading frame - one of the three possible ways of reading a nucleotide sequence. As the genetic code is read in nonoverlapping triplets (codons) there are three possible ways of translating a sequence of nucleotides into a protein, each with a different starting point; example - given the nucleotide sequence: AGCAGCAGC, the three reading frames are: AGC AGC AGC, GCA GCA, CAG CAG

    12. References http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Transcription http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/     Codons.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Q2Ba2cFAew

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