Why reference ?

1. Why reference ? Martin Sedgley Effective Learning Service

2. The student benefits of referencing Showing your research and recognition of different points of view. Gaining marks Providing evidence, with ‘signposts’, to back up your work. Gaining marks Formatting your work accurately. Gaining marks Avoiding plagiarism. Not losing all your marks !

3. The student benefits of referencing Showing your research and recognition of different points of view. Gaining marks Providing evidence, with ‘signposts’, to back up your work. Gaining marks Formatting your work accurately. Gaining marks Avoiding plagiarism. Not losing all your marks ! 36 words (Sedgley 2012)

4. Paraphrase - to demonstrate your understanding … Sedgley(2012) emphasises the importance of referencing in gaining marks. This avoids plagiarism, but also shows wide reading by signposting relevant sources. 20 words

5. Citation: Sedgley (2012) Reference: Sedgley, M. (2012). Referencing Workshop, Assignment Success Programme, University of Bradford, School of Management, 22/10/2012.

6. Citing and referencing This is the practical detail of how to acknowledge other people’s work. A citation is a pointer in the text of your work, saying that you are using someone else’s ideas. The reference gives the full details of where the information came from. It lives in the reference list at the end of your work.

7. Citing in the text Example: Nohria and Ghoshal (1997, p. 73) suggest that the multinational enterprise can be modelled as a ‘differentiated network’. 2 authors Paraphrase

8. Reference example (journal article) Ghoshal, S., and Nohria, N. (1989). ‘Internal differentiation with multinational corporations.’ Strategic Management Journal, vol. 10, no. 4, pp.323-337.

9. For example, in the book ‘Licensed to Work’ by Barrie Sherman and Phil Judkins (1995), there is a reference to another writer, Ivan Illich, who refers to ‘shadow work’: tasks in society that were once the responsibility of extended families and close communities. If Sherman and Judkins book was used as a secondary source, your citation must make this clear. So you could write:

10. “Ivan Illich (1981), as summarised by Sherman and Judkins (1995 p.121) has suggested that ‘shadow work’…..or“Illich (1981) has suggested that ‘shadow work’: tasks in society were once the responsibility of extended families and close communities (in Sherman and Judkins, 1995 p.121).or“Sherman and Judkins in their book (1995 p.121) refer to the work of Ivan Illich (1981), who coined the term ‘shadow work’ to suggest that ….” The full reference must give details of the source you looked at, e.g.Sherman, B. and Judkins, P. (1995). Licensed to Work. London: Cassell.

11. Help! Remember that making good notes makes this all much easier; write down the author and title next to the piece of information. If in doubt, CITE IT.

12. 1b) … examine within your answer the circumstances that will enable a company to pass on cost increases to customers and protect profit margins. • The issue here is of significant increase in cotton prices and its impact on clothing companies. Due to floods in Pakistan, Indian export ban, cold weather in China and storms in US, supply of cotton has decreased thereby creating shortage of cotton in the market (Hall 2010). At the same time, demand for textile products has recovered faster than expected. Due to this shortage owing to lower supply and higher demand, cotton prices have increased to above $1 a pound for the first time since 1995 (Cancryn and Cui 2010).

13. Graph 13

14. Another factor for high cotton price is lower cotton prices in recent years. Due to low cotton prices in recent years as can be seen in above figure, farmers had reduced their cotton acreage leading to lower supply of cotton in 2010. Production for 2009/10 crop year has been 15.3% lower than in 2004/05 (Cotton Incorporated 2010a). However, due to price increases, farmers tend to grow more which can be seen in USDA forecast of 10.6 % increase in world cotton harvest from 2009/10 to 2010/11 (Cotton Incorporated 2010a).Therefore, in longevity, due to estimated increase in supply of cotton, cotton prices might move down to its average value.

15. Tutor feedback (in part) Notice the excellent use of references. They are used to support claims, e.g. "raw materials make up between a quarter and half of the cost to produce a garment (Cancryn and Cui 2010)" (p. 11) , and the evaluation of what this evidence means in the present context - the change in cotton price would have an effect on the costs of manufacturers and its effects.

16. References Begg, D. and Ward, D. (2009). Economics for Business, 3rd Edition. London:McGraw-Hill, pp.75-88. Cancryn,A. and Cui,C. (2010). ‘Flashback to 1870 at cotton hits peak’. Wall Street Journal, 16/10/2010, pg.B.1. Cotton Incorporated (2010a).Framing the cotton pricing discussion. http://lifestylemonitor.cottoninc.com/Supply-Chain-Insights/Cotton-Pricing-Discussion/Cotton-Pricing-Discussion.pdf [Accessed 22/11/2010]. Cotton incorporated (2010b).Monthly Economic Letter. http://lifestylemonitor.cottoninc.com/MarketInformation/MonthlyEconomicLetter/1110mel.pdf [Accessed 22/11/2010]. Hall,J.(2010). ‘Clothing prices to jump 10pc as cotton soars, warns Next’. The Telegraph Online.04/11/2010. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/8108336/Clothing-prices-to-jump-10pc-as-cotton-soars-warns-Next.html[Accessed 22/11/2010].

17. A critical review of benchmarking and how it can be used as a performance management tool to improve the customer experience at Bank X. Bramham (1997) describes benchmarking as 'the systematic process of comparing your business with others, to test how you stand and to see whether change is needed'. This simplistic view of benchmarking is supported by Camp (1989) who described benchmarking as; 'the continuous process of measuring products, services and practises against those companies recognized as industry leaders'. Camp recognises that a firm does not need to be in the same industry to be a relevant firm to benchmark against. Camp also recognises that it is not a one off exercise but something that needs to be repeated.

18. Branham (1997) and Camp's (1989) description of benchmarking imply that the benchmarking process is based on external comparisons of an organisation. This is not necessarily the case. Blundell Et. Al (1998) state an organisation can undertake four types of benchmarking, including internal benchmarking against our business functions. For a bank like X which manages several mortgage brands it's possible to internally compare performance and share best practise. That’s a really neat intro to the concept for me, which is already employing some critical analysis in contrasting different views, and then relating that to LBG’s needs. This is an entirely appropriate academic approach, written in a clearly understandable way.

19. References • Bendell, T., Boulter, L. , Goodstadt, P. (1998) Benchmarking for Competitive Advantage, Pitman Publishing. • Bramham, J. (1997). Benchmarking for People Managers, Cromwell Press. • Camp, R. (1989) Benchmarking: The Search for Industry Best Practises that Lead to Superior Performance, Milwaukee.