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Keseimbangan Umum Kompetitif

Keseimbangan Umum Kompetitif. S. P X 2. P X 1. D 1. D 0. X. Q X 2. Q X 1. O. Analisis Keseimbangan Parsial. P X. Harga dan Quantitas Awal (P 1 , Q 1 ).

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Keseimbangan Umum Kompetitif

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  1. Keseimbangan Umum Kompetitif

  2. S PX2 PX1 D1 D0 X QX2 QX1 O AnalisisKeseimbanganParsial PX HargadanQuantitasAwal (P1, Q1) Jika sesuatu hal menyebabkan permintaan X meningkat dan kemudian diperoleh titik keseimbangan baru pada (P2Q2). Peningkatan X atau X tentunya memerlukan peningkatan penggunaan faktor produksi. Darimanaberasalfaktorproduksitersebut?

  3. PY S1 S0 PY2 PY1 D Y QY2 O QY1 Faktorproduksi yang digunakanuntukmeningkatkanpenawaran X adalahsamadengansumberdaya yang dikurangidariproduksi Y sehinggaproduksi Y berkurangdari QY1menjadi QY2.

  4. Keseimbangan Umum dengan Edgeworth Box • Asumsi-asumsi: • 1. Seluruh individu mempunyai pilihan-pilihan yang sama • 2. Adaduaproduk X dan Y • 3. Adaduafaktorproduksi K (modal) dan L (tenagakerja) • 4. Jumlah-jumlah yang tetapdari K dan L.

  5. L digunakan dalam X L digunakan dalamY OY Total K K digunakan dalam Y A K digunakan dalam X OX Total L Edgeworth Box

  6. OY Total K P4 X4 Y1 P3 X3 P2 X2 A Y2 Y3 P1 X1 Y4 OX Alokasi yang Efisien

  7. Rate of Product Transformation • The rate of product transformation (RPT) between two outputs is the negative of the slope of the production possibility frontier

  8. RPT kecil Quantitas Y QY Y4 Quantitas X Y3 Y2 Y1 X1 X2 X3 X4 Quantitas X QX RPT = Nilai negatif slope dari garis singgung pada batas kemungkinan-kemungkinan produksi adalah Tingkat transformasi produk (rate of product transformation)

  9. RPT kecil QY QX RPT besar

  10. Opportunity Cost • Batas kemungkinan-kemungkinanproduksimenunjukkankonsepdalamekonomikayaitu: “biayaoportunitas” (opportunity cost). Masyarakattidakbisamemperolehtambahan X tertentukecualimengorbankansebesartertentudari Y. Diukuroleh RPTdari X untuk Y.

  11. Determining Equilibrium Prices If the prices of X and Y are PX and PY, society’s budget constraint is C Quantity of Y C Output will be X1, Y1 Y1 Individuals will demand X1’, Y1’ Y1’ U3 U2 C U1 Quantity of X X1 X1’

  12. Determining Equilibrium Prices Thus, there is excess demand for X and excess supply of Y Quantity of Y C The price of X will rise and the price of Y will fall Y1 excess supply Y1* Y1’ U3 U2 C U1 Quantity of X X1 X1* X1’ excess demand

  13. Determining Equilibrium Prices The equilibrium prices will be PX* and PY* Quantity of Y C* C The equilibrium output will be X1* and Y1* Y1 Y1* Y1’ U3 U2 C U1 C* Quantity of X X1 X1* X1’

  14. General Equilibrium Pricing • Suppose that the production possibility frontier can be represented by X2 + 4Y2 = 100 • Suppose also that the community’s preferences can be represented by

  15. General Equilibrium Pricing • Under perfect competition, profit-maximizing firms will equate RPT and the ratio of PX/PY • For consumers, utility maximization requires that

  16. General Equilibrium Pricing • Equilibrium requires that firms and individuals face the same price ratio or X2 = 4Y 2

  17. General Equilibrium Pricing • The equilibrium should also be on the production possibility frontier X 2 + 4Y 2 = 2X 2 = 100

  18. Technical Progress in the Production of X Technical progress in the production of X will shift the production possibility curve out Quantity of Y The relative price of X will fall Y1 Y0 More X will be consumed U3 U2 U1 Quantity of X X0 X1

  19. The Corn Laws Debate • High tariffs on grain imports were imposed by the British government after the Napoleonic wars • Economists debated the effects of these “corn laws” between 1829 and 1845 • what effect would the elimination of these tariffs have on factor prices?

  20. The Corn Laws Debate Quantity of manufactured goods (Y) If the corn laws completely prevented trade, output would be X0 and Y0 The equilibrium prices will be PX* and PY* Y0 U2 U1 Quantity of Grain (X) X0

  21. The Corn Laws Debate Quantity of manufactured goods (Y) Removal of the corn laws will change the prices to PX’ and PY’ Output will be X1’ and Y1’ Y1’ Individuals will demand X1 and Y1 Y0 Y1 U2 U1 Quantity of Grain (X) X1’ X0 X1

  22. The Corn Laws Debate Quantity of manufactured goods (Y) Grain imports will be X1 – X1’ These imports will be financed by the export of manufactured goods equal to Y1’ – Y1 Y1’ exports of goods Y0 Y1 U2 U1 Quantity of Grain (X) X1’ X0 X1 imports of grain

  23. The Corn Laws Debate • We can use an Edgeworth box diagram to see the effects of the elimination of the corn laws on the use of labor and capital • If the corn laws were repealed, there would be an increase in the production of manufactured goods and a decline in the production of grain

  24. Y1 P4 Y2 P3 X4 Total Capital Y3 P2 X3 Y4 P1 X2 X1 Total Labor The Corn Laws Debate A repeal of the corn laws would result in a movement from P3 to P1 where more Y and less X is produced OY OX

  25. Mfg A Capital M1 W0/R0 C2 M2 W1/R1 E C1 Corn Labor

  26. Tingkat Harga Keseimbangan Umum: Hukum Walras • Pertanyaan: Apakahkeberadaansekumpulanharga-harga non-negatifakanmenyeimbangkanseluruhpasardalamsebuahperekonomian? • SolusiWalrasian • 1. Misalkanbarang-barangdidistribusikandalammasyarakat • Si (i=1……….n) Total penawarandaribarang-barang • Pi (i=1……….n) Hargadaribarang-barang ‘i’ • Permintaanuntukbarang ‘i’ Di (Pi……………..Pn) • Permintaanadalahsebuahfungsidariseluruhharga-harga • P = (Pi……………..Pn) • Di (P) • Akankah terjadi keseimbangan dimana : (Walras’s Problem) • Di (P*) = Si

  27. Excess Demand Function • Menggambarkanfungsi-fungsikelebihanpermintaan, • EDi (P) = Di (P) – Si • DalamKeseimbangan, • EDi (P*) = Di (P*) – Si = 0 • Asumsi-asumsi: • 1. Fungsi-fungsipermintaanhomogenderajatnol • 2. Fungsi-fungsipermintaanadalahberkelanjutan • (continuous) • –Asaldariteoriperilakuindividu

  28. Walras’ Law Nilai total darikelebihanpermintaanadalahnolpadasetiapkumpulanharga-harga. – Tertentuolehkendalaanggaran yang tetap – Syarat-syaratkeseimbangandalampasar-pasar n tidakindependen – Karenaitu, kitahanyamempunyaipersamaansejumlah (n – 1) dalamsejumlah (n – 1) yang tidakdiketahui. – Karenaitu, apa yang kitabutuhkanuntukmenentukankeseimbanganadalahharga-hargarelatifsejumlah (n – 1).

  29. Pembuktian Hukum Walras • Untukindividu I. • PADIA + PBDIB = PASIA + PBSIB • KendalaAnggaran • PA (DIA – SIA) + PB (DIB – SIB) = 0 • PA (EDIA) + PB (EDIB) = 0

  30. Untukindividu II. • Dengancara yang sama, kitaperoleh: • PA (EDIIA) + PB (EDIIB) = 0 •  PA (EDIA + EDIIB) + PB (EDIIB + EDIIB) = PA (EDA) + PB (EDB) = 0 • BuktiWalraspadaKeberadaanKeseimbanganHarga (Equilibrium Relative Prices)

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