Nationalism

1. Nationalism • 1815 Congress of Vienna Napoleon exiled to St. Helena • 1816 Argentina declares its independence • 1821 Greek revolution begins • 1825 Russian Decembrist Revolt • 1830 Greek independence secured Revolutions throughout Europe

2. Outline • Congress of Vienna • Three main questions • Results • Nationalism • Revolutions • 1820s • 1830 1 2 3

3. I. The Congress of Vienna Convened in 1814 by the four victorious European powers The four nations and there ambassadors were: Austria – Prince Klemens Wenzel von Mettenich Russia – Tsar Alexander I England – Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh Prussia – Karl August von Hardenberg 1 2 3

4. I. The Congress of Vienna They seek to answer three main questions: What to do to the defeated France? What should be done with the former Holy Roman Empire (Germany)? How can the horrors of war be averted in the future? 1 2 3

5. I. How to answer those questions What to do to the defeated France? Weaken, but do not anger, France Restore France to its pre-revolutionary boundaries Surround it with stronger nations 1 2 3

6. I. How to answer those questions What should be done with the former Holy Roman Empire (Germany)? Combine the many small Germanic nations into larger (but still weak) nations German Confederation of 38 nations created (from +300) Austria and Prussia gain lands 1 2 3

7. I. How to answer those questions How can the horrors of war be averted in the future? Oppose democracy and revolution Restore “legitimate” government (this means Kings) Support the concept of conservatism (everything unchanging and as it was BEFORE the French Revolution) Strong nobles Strong Catholic Church Ensure no nation gets too strong “the balance of power” 1 2 3

8. I. The Congress of Vienna – Five Results • Restoration of monarchs and nobles • France • German territories • Italy • Territory changes hands • Prussia, Austria, Russia, Kingdom of the Netherlands 1 2 3

9. I. The Congress of Vienna – Five Results 1 2 3

10. I. The Congress of Vienna – Five Results Peace in Europe for almost 100 years Results in pressure for imperial expansion New manner of political maneuvering • Quadruple Alliance and Holy Alliance 1 2 3

11. I. The Congress of Vienna – Five Results • The Concert of Europe • European monarchs act to preserve existing system • Will send in troops to repress revolution • Significant exceptions: Greece and western hemisphere • Why was revolution supported in these locations? 1 2 3

12. I. The Congress of Vienna 1 2 3

13. II. What is nationalism? • Nationalism is a sense of identity with a group larger than the family. Like a family, it is held together by a sense of kinship • "an image of a social order, which involves the people as a sovereign elite and a community of equals" • This means that the people were the most important part of a nation, not a king 1 2 3

14. II. Nationalism Shootings of May 8, 1808 Francisco Goya 1 2 3

15. II. Why does nationalism emerge in the 1820s? Reaction to the French Revolution French spread notions of the French Revolution Individual rights Education as the avenue to opportunity Questioning of the existing social structure French excesses create a notion of “we are not like the French, we must be something else…but WHAT am I?” 1 2 3

16. II. Language and nationalism 1 2 3

17. II. Why does nationalism emerge in the 1820s? Changing economy (Industrial Revolution) alters social and economic structure Economic changes increase stress People look for a solution to the problem - nationalism 1 2 3

18. III. Reaction to Nationalism • Russia • “Decembrists” stage revolt 14 December 1825 • Nicholas I and his reaction • Italy: Kingdoms of the Two Sicilies and Piedmont • French and Austrian soldiers put down revolutions 1 2 3

19. III. Nationalist uprisings in the 1820s 1 2 3

20. III. Reaction to Nationalism Spain 1821 nationalist uprisings French and Austrian soldiers put down revolutions Spreads throughout Spanish colonies 1 2 3

21. III. Nationalism in the Americas Why doesn’t the Congress of Europe send troops to stop revolution here like it does in Europe? 1 2 3

22. III. Revolutions of 1830 • Greece (begins in 1821) • France (rights) • Britain (anti-technology) • Belgium • Belgians fight against Dutch discrimination in 1829 • Italy (Carbonari) • Russia (Poland) 1 2 3

23. III. Revolutions of 1830 1 2 3

24. III. Greece • Background • established as important portions of the Turkish government • religious power over the Balkans • spread over the eastern Mediterranean • relative isolation from European ideas • “Philike Hetairia” • founded 1814 in Russia. 1 2 3

25. III. Greece • War lasts from 1821 till 1830 • Russia to ally with Greeks • 1825 invasion by Egypt • Great Powers agree Egypt should not expand • Russo-Turkish war • independence in peace treaty of 1830 1 2 3

26. III. France • Louis XVIII placed on throne by Congress of Vienna (1814 & 1815) • moderate regime recognizes the gains of the Revolution • Allied powers military occupation of France till 1818 • ultra Royalists (conservative) majority elected to Parliament - dissolved with support of Allies - why? • Assassination of heir puts reactionary Charles X on throne in 1824 1 2 3

27. III. France • King Charles X overthrown in 1830 • Tried to implement a reactionary policy • Wants aristocracy to return to previous power • dissolves Chamber of Deputies after censorship, increasing Catholic power and reimbursing émigrés • Forced to abdicate • Louis-Phillippe comes to power • moderates direct the radical Paris riot • “citizen king” • victory of the upper bourgeoisie • “democracy of the rich” 1 2 3