Steering Commitee Meeting August 30/31 • Thessaloniki

1. Steering Commitee Meeting August 30/31 • Thessaloniki Emission and Street Canyon Modelling(Draft Deliverable - D04) Department of Environment and Planning University of Aveiro C. Borrego A.I. Miranda M. Lopes O. Tchepel A.M. Costa J. Amorim A. Monteiro

2. TREM SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 Emission Modelling Background • Brief overview of existent methodologies (different by pollutants covered, type of emissions, driving pattern); • Adapt to SUTRA objectives (data availability and final use of the results). Objectives The TREM has been developed to quantify emissions induced by road traffic and is recomended for estimation at urban level with hourly resolution and particularly designed for line sources.

3. TREM • Carbon monoxide (CO); • Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), given as NO2 equivalent; • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), including methane; • Carbon Dioxide (CO2); • Sulphur Dioxide (SO2); • Particulate matter (PM). Pollutants covered: SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 Methodology Emission = emission factors * transport activity • Emission factors: • Based on average vehicle speed; • Recomended by COST 319; • Consider different engine technologies and capacity

4. TREM SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 Type of emissions: Etotal=Ehot+Ecold+Eevap hot cold evaporative • “Hot emissions” – emissions during stabilised engine operation • “Cold start emissions” – under cold engine (engines are defined as “cold” ifthe water temperature is below 70ºC) • “Evaporative emissions” – emissions from fuel evaporation (only relevant for NMVOC)

5. TREM Gasoline Passenger cars  Diesel Passenger cars  LPG Passenger cars  Gasoline Light Duty vehicles  Diesel Light Duty vehicles  Heavy Duty vehicles  Urban Busses  Coaches  Motorcycles  Other SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 Vehicle categories:

6. 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 TREM Gasoline Pass. Cars ECE 1504 EURO 1 EURO 2 EURO 3 EURO 4 Diesel Pass. Cars & LPG Conv. EURO 1 EURO 2 EURO 3 EURO 4 Light Duty Vehicles Conventional EURO 1 EURO 2 EURO 3 EURO 4 Heavy Duty Vehicles & Bus Conv. EURO 1 EURO 2 EURO 3 EURO 4 EURO 5 Motorcycles Conventional Stage 1 SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 Vehicle classes: 96 classes are distinguished based on vehicle age, engine capacity and technology

7. TREM Important to correctly determine average vehicle speed Incorrect separation by the vehicle classes can introduce significant error SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 CO emission factors: a) EURO 1 Gasoline Passenger Cars b) All vehicle classes, 30 km.h-1

8. TREM • Traffic volume • Vehicle speed • Distribution by vehicle categories and classes Trafficmeasurements Transportation modelling • Represent real data at a determined point for a specific time period, which can minimize data error • Is not possible to obtain enough measurements for all study area with the required resolution Provide detailed information concerning traffic flux for each road segment Has an associated error and the results should be carefully validated SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 Transport activity data:

9. TREM   Location of traffic counting points () in Lisbon study area (down town) Traffic counting data for PrataStreet SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 Lisbon City Case:  Traffic volume

10. TREM Distribution of vehicles by categories (based on ACAP data for the Lisbon District) SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001  Vehicle speed For vehicle speed, 30 km.h-1was considered as a representative value.  Distribution of vehicles by categories

11. TREM Example of vehicle classes distribution for Gasoline Passenger Cars SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001  Distribution of vehicles by classes

12. TREM 10-100 100-500 500-1000 1000-1500 Hourly CO emission (g.km-1) estimated by TREM for the 23rd of August of 1994 on PrataStreet Daily CO emission (t.km-1) estimated by TREM for a typical summer day in the Lisbon Region SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 Daily CO (t/km) Results

13. TREM Genebra Genova Lisbon Gdansk Thessaloniki TREM estimation own estimations SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 Results

14. TREM SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 Future developments 1. Implement more pollutants (CH4, NH3, heavy metals) 2. Develop a connection between TREM and VISUM for cold emissions 3. Graphic interface 4. Link to Vadis Model (Transport and Dispersion)

15. VADIS Model SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 Objectives • Adapt a near-field street canyon model to calculate urban air pollution due to traffic road emissions and to estimate local hot-spot values; • Develop the interface between the models and other work components of SUTRA.

16. VADIS Model SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 General description • Local dispersion model; • Calculation of concentration fields of air pollutants in specific areas of a city. Field of application Flow and dispersion near obstacles under variable wind conditions Constitued by 2linked modules: FLOWandDISPER

17. VADIS Model FLOW also computes the pressure, the turbulence, and the temperature fields. The model uses the SIMPLE solver for the resolution of the Navier-Stokes equations. SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 FLOW module The 3D flow field around the obstacles is calculated with a 3D finite difference, control volume method over a Cartesian grid, using a k- turbulence closure for a stationary situation.

18. Assumes that a large number of particles released in the flow represent the spatial and temporal dispersion of the pollutant, corresponding to the solution of the diffusion equation for the passive pollutant. VADIS Model Advantages • Fast run time; • Without numerical diffusion; • Possibility of calculating with detail the contributions source/receptor; • The best for climatological applications. SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 DISPER module • Uses data provided by FLOW module • Computes the 3D concentration field through the Lagrangian approach

19. VADIS Model Experimental studies have been performed in a small wind tunnel with 1400 x 250 x 350 mm test section. For this studies 30 x 30 x 90 mm obstacles were used in order to study the buildings effects on the urban wind field and pollutant dispersion. SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 VADIS Validation • Usingwind tunnel measurements, for the study of wind and concentration fields near obstacles; • Usingreal scale data, performed under low speed, varying wind conditions, to evaluate the used approaches.

20. VADIS Model SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 Results Lisbon Simulation Wind variation conditions Simulation domain orientation: 16 º with wind direction Interval for average concentrations: 20 s Interval to produce output files: 900 s

21. VADIS Model SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 Results Genova Simulation

22. VADIS Model SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 Results

23. VADIS Model SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 VADIS Interface

24. TREM VADIS Model SUTRA - Thessaloniki Meeting                           August 2001 QA / QC: Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) plays an increasingly important role in environmental studies, especially when the results will support decision-makers and end-users. • QA (planning, implementation, assessment, reporting) • QC (model applicability range, uncertainties analysis)