The Progressive Era

1. The Progressive Era

2. Four Goals of Progressive Reformers 1. Protect Social Welfare: 2. Promote Moral Development: 3. Create Economic Reform: 4. Foster Efficiency:

3. Progressive Era • The time period from 1890-1920. • A time of government reform to better the lives of its citizens. • What problems did the government have to improve? • Modern Reform: • President Johnson launched the Great Society Program in the 1960’s. • Medicare & Medicaid? • President Nixon started the EPA and OSHA in the 1970’s. • What do they do?

4. Muckrakers Muckrakers-reform journalists and novelist that wrote articles/works to promote progressive reform. Teddy Roosevelt gave the name-muckrakers. ·McClure’s Magazine- “Tweed’s Days in St. Louis” -Lincoln Steffens also wrote…The Shame of the Cities (1904) ·Ida Tarbell- History of Standard Oil Company “public enemy” ·Frank Norris- The Octopus (1901) RR’s, The Pit (1903) wheat exchange ·Theodore Dreiser- The Financier (1912), The Titan (1914), and An American Tragedy (1925). ·Painters,Photographers- Jacob Riis

5. Jacob Riis: Muckraker • Jacob Riis: Photographer • 1849 to 1914 • He was the third of fifteen children • Emigrated to the United States in 1870 • Unable to find work, he often spent many nights in police station lodging houses. • He was recruited by the South Brooklyn News. In 1877 Riis became a police reporter for the New York Tribune. In 1888 Riis was employed as a photo-journalist by the New York Evening Sun. Riis was among the first photographers to use flash powder, which enabled him to photograph interiors and exteriors of the slums at night.

6. Jacob Riis:How the Other Half Lives • In December, 1889, an account of city life, illustrated by photographs, appeared in Scribner's Magazine. This created a great deal of interest and the following year, a full-length version, How the Other Half Lives, was published. • The book was seen by Theodore Roosevelt, the New York Police Commissioner, and he had the city police lodging houses that were featured in the book closed down.

7. Photographs from How the Other Half Lives

8. The Jungle (1906) Upton Sinclair • . …Under the system of rigid economy, which the packers enforced, there were some jobs that it only paid to do once in a long time, and among these was the cleaning out of the waste barrels. Every spring they did it; and in the barrels would be dirt and rust and old nails and stale water--and cart load after cart load of it would be taken up and dumped into the hoppers with fresh meat, and sent out to the public's breakfast.

9. Pictures from TheJungle

10. In the Jungle….

11. Ooops, wrong jungle!!

12. Upton Sinclair’s “The Jungle”

13. Meat Packing 1906-Reforms Meat Inspection Act- check animals health, sanitary conditions Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle depicts the conditions of the meat packing plants Pure Food and Drug Act- forbade the manufacture and sale of impure drugs and food. Labels mandatory on all medicines. Employers Liability Insurance- provided accident insurance to RR workers on interstate railroads and in D.C. Jungle Food/Drugs Workman’s Compensation

14. Social Welfare Programs • To ensure a minimum standard of living. • Unemployment insurance, workman's compensation, and social security? • Do we have these today? • Most people worked to get these reforms at the municipal level. • Municipal? • Home rule?

15. Middle Class Reformers • Progressives believed the government should no longer be an umpire. • What does this mean? • Corporation Government was expected to level the playing field. • Citizen

16. Public Health • Roosevelt formed the Pure Food and Drug Act. • What is it? • Is it still around today?

17. Cities Reform broke ground in the position of mayor of some cities Hazen S. Pingree-Detroit Samuel M. “Golden Rule” Jones- “every man must rule himself” Commission rule Some cities formed an elected commission to run local government This eliminated the possibility of a corrupt boss from ruling. City Manager Manager , not politician, hired to run city (much like a business) Policies made by council, enforced by manager

18. State reform Reform governors Robert M LaFollette, (Wisconsin) “Battling Bob” ~brought direct primary to choose candidates ~restricted lobbying ~set up civil service ~conservation policies ~taxed corporations/reg. Banks

19. Voting • Secret (Australian) ballotin Massachusetts- 1888 • Prior to this, each party would distribute a colored ballot for their party, making it easier to see how someone voted. More secretive the better, better representatives

20. Improving Our Representation qDirect primariesallow people, not bosses, to choose who runs for office. qDirect election of Senatorswould allow people, not state legislatures, to elect people to the “rich man’s club” (Senate). 17TH AMENDMENT (1913)

21. More Voting Reform: ·initiative -5-8% of voters could start a bill by petition ·referendum- bill put on a ballot for voters to pass or defeat ·recall-by petition, voters could demand an official to stand for reelection Gives a voice to the public in making laws and affecting election outcomes.

22. Triangle Shirtwaist Company • March 25, 1911. • Clothing factory in New York catches fire and kills 146 workers (mostly women). • How did this happen? • Reforms: • City fire inspector? • Mandatory fire drills? • Unlock and fire proof exits? • Sprinkler systems?

23. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

24. progressive sec 1 quiz.pdf

25. WOMEN’S RIGHTS

26. Women’s Suffrage Women Suffrage- reformers thought that women would be more inclined to vote for reform legislation if given the right.

27. Women of the Progressive Era • Alice Paul: Feminist, Suffragist and Political Strategist • Her vision was the ordinary notion that women and men should be equal partners in society. • "When the Quakers were founded...one of their principles was and is equality of the sexes. So I never had any other idea...the principle was always there."

28. Ida Tarbell: 1857 to 1944 • Ida M. Tarbell: Investigative Journalist • Graduated from Allegheny College in 1880 • Her most famous work, The History of the Standard Oil Company

29. Susan B. Anthony: 1820-1906 • Susan B. Anthony: Temperance • She also campaigned for the abolition of slavery, the right for women to own their own property and retain their earnings, and she advocated for women's labor organizations.

30. Jane Adams: 1860 to 1935 • Hull-House 1889 in Chicago • Hull House-social center for immigrants • Jane Adams: The Nobel Peace Prize 1931 for peace organizations.

31. Between 1900 and 1920, the woman suffrage movement modernized, adopting new tactics of lobbying, advertising, and grass-roots organizing under the leadership of Carrie Chapman Catt. Carrie Lane Chapman Catt (1859-1947), women's suffrage leader

32. Congress • An amendment to the constitution was first heard in 1887. • The senate defeated it by a vote of 34 to 16. 26 senators were absent for the vote. • What does this mean? • By 1915 the NAWSA fell under new leadership of Carrie Catt and Alice Paul who often conflicted with one another. • Alice Paul broke away and formed the Congressional Union. • Carrie Catt continued with the NAWSA. • What is the difference between the 2 groups. • HBO movie “Iron Clad Angels”?

33. Women’s Suffrage

34. The initial success of the post-Civil War suffrage movement came on the frontier. Women voting in Wyoming, 1869

35. Colorado (1893) Idaho (1896) Washington (1910) California (1911) Kansas (1912) Oregon (1912) Arizona (1912) Montana (1914) Nevada (1917) North Dakota (1917) Nebraska (1917) A close correlation exists between the success of woman suffrage and states where men voted in large numbers for Populist, Progressive, or Socialist party candidates.

37. Strengthening the Movement A group of young women, impatient with the slow pace of change, adopted some confrontational tactics to push suffrage. Many of these women had received graduate education abroad, held professional jobs, and were influenced by example of the militant British suffrage movement. They were led by Alice Paul, a Philadelphia Quaker who formed the National Woman's Party. Its strategies included picketing, marches, outdoor rallies, and hunger strikes in jail. On the day of Woodrow Wilson's inauguration in 1913, Alice Paul organized a protest of 5,000 women, who marched up Pennsylvania Avenue while 100,000 spectators watched. Protesters crossed the barriers that had been set up along the march's route, heckled the suffragists, and blocked their march. Police refused to come to their aid. Finally, cavalry were called in to allow the march to proceed. Overcoming Voting Barriers

38. 1913: Illinois became the first state east of the Mississippi to grant women the vote.

39. In 1918, in the midst of the war, the House of Representatives passed the federal suffrage amendment, but the Senate voted it down. Carrie Chapman Catt and President Wilson

40. Finally, on Aug. 20, 1920, the 19th Amendment became part of the United States Constitution when Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify it.

41. 19th Amendment • Passed in August of 1920. • The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. • How does one get an amendment to the constitution passed? • 2/3 passage in the House and Senate. • Ratified (approved) by ¾ of state legislatures (36). • Only 27 amendments in 231 years! • This would be the last Progressive Era legislation passed! • What would occupy American instead of Progressive ideals?

42. Department of Labor • Founded in 1912. • Includes both the Women's Bureau and the Bureau of Child Labor. • This is a cabinet level position appointed by the President. • Julia Lathrop and Mary Anderson were the first women to head the Department.

43. The Role of Women • National Consumer League: • Women investigated how goods were being made and demanded factories be inspected and pay minimum wage. • Do they today? • OSHA and EPA?

44. Teddy "This country will not be a permanently good place for any of us to live in unless we make it a reasonably good place for all of us to live in."Chicago, IL, June 17, 1912

45. Teddy’s Background • Born into wealth, Roosevelt traveled as a youngster • Struggled with asthma and poor eyesight as a child. • Active in boxing, track and field, and hunting. • Took a punch in the eye during a fight and blinded his left eye. • Always kept his boyish energy. • Accomplished author with works in history, politics, ethics…

46. Teddy Becomes President • With the assassination of President McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, not quite 43, became the youngest President in the Nation's history • He took the view that the President as a "steward of the people" should take whatever action necessary for the public good unless expressly forbidden by law or the Constitution

47. Theodore Roosevelt

48. Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal • After William McKinley wins the election of 1900, he never reaps the benefits of his victory. During the late summer following his inauguration, a 28-year-old anarchist named Leon Czolgosz shoots McKinley. Theodore Roosevelt is sworn into the presidency in what will become one of the many dramatic presidential terms in our history. • The three Cs of the Square Deal: • Conservation • Corporate Control • Consumer Protection

49. The Square Deal • The main idea of 'Square Deal' was reducing inequality. • Theodore Roosevelt's 'Square Deal' handled the problems with businesses and society. • It promised a fair deal to all sides of transactions. • It was popular with people from all walks of life. • He changed the rules so that everyone could have equal opportunity and everyone is treated the same way.

50. President in his Own Right • Smothers opponent in election of 1904 (Alton Parker) • 336 to 140 electoral votes Time to Reform: • Strengthen the Interstate Commerce Act to regulate the RR. • Hepburn Bill- gave I.C.C. power to regulate: Pipelines Express and sleeping car companies Bridges Ferries Terminals *Major accomplishment to regulate business.