Chapter 21

1. Chapter 21 Making Foreign & Defense Policy

2. Monday Mar.7SSRSchedule Overview7 Study QuestionsLunchContinue Lecture

3. Study Questions 1. Which is not a power of Congress in the field of foreign policy? • to raise an army   • declare war   • appoint ambassadors Answer on p.530

4. Study Questions 2. Americans support the general concept of a United Nations, but not if the United States must give up command of its troops in U.N. missions.  True or  False Answer on p.531

5. Study Questions 3. The end of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe brought led to a reemergence of ethnic nationalism and fundamentalist governments.   True or False Answer on p.532

6. Study Questions 4. The war on terrorism will only focus on law enforcement, better intelligence about threats, and the use of military force to attack terrorists.   True or  False Answer on p.533

7. Study Questions 5.    ____________________________    is granted as part of an international trade policy that gives a nation the same favorable trade concessions and tariffs that the best trading partners receive. Permanent normal trade relations Answer on p.535

8. Study Questions 6. Suicide bombings that began with the Passover bombing in October 2001 raised questions about the ability of _____________ to govern the Palestinian people. Arafat Answer on p.536

9. Study Questions 7. One of the chief reasons to give the components of the old Soviet Union aid is to foster market economies and prevent the return of communism.   True or  False Answer on p.537

10. Chapter Outline • Vital interests in the 21st Century • The Foreign and Defense policy Bureaucracy • Making Foreign and Defense Policy • Foreign and Defense Options • Special Problems in Defense Policy • Prospects for the future

11. Tonight: Reading assignment:pp. 532-537Class Discussion Foreign Policy Goals

12. Vital interests in the 21st Century

13. Chapter Overview • The nation's top foreign policy challenges today are the war on terrorism; control of nuclear, chemical, and biological arms; finding peace in the Middle East; promoting U.S. Trade; and strengthening democracy in the former Soviet Union.

14. Top foreign policy challenges • The war on terrorism • Control of nuclear, chemical, and biological arms; • Finding peace in the Middle East • Promoting U.S. Trade • Strengthening democracy in the former Soviet Union.

15. Top foreign policy challenges • The War on terrorism is clearly the top priority and has reframed U.S. relations with former friends and adversaries.

16. Top foreign policy challenges • The president has the primary responsibility to shape foreign policy. • The principal foreign policy adviser is the Secretary of State, although other cabinet secretaries are also influential.

17. Others who matter: • The National Security Council and the intelligence agencies also play key roles.

18. Others who matter: • Public opinion, interest groups, foreign countries, political parties, and Congress also affect the politics of making foreign policy.

19. Others who matter: • The Department of Homeland Security directs the operations of numerous formerly unrelated agencies.

20. Who decides ? • Presidents, Congress, and the American people all become involved in defining our vital national security interests, but they often have contradictory views. • Presidents must sometimes act swiftly and decisively.

21. Presidential Powers • Plainly, the role of the president in foreign affairs was strengthened during the cold war years as the United States developed an enormous standing military capability and an extensive intelligence network.

22. But the Constitution says. . . • Although Presidents are often in a good position to see the nation's long-term interests above the tugging of bureaucratic and special interests, we live under a constitutional democracy in which presidents and their advisers must consult with Congress and inform the American people. • The growing role of media and special interests can also play a part as well.

23. U.S. foreign policy strategies • Diplomacy • Foreign aid • Economic sanctions • Political coercion (including the breaking off of diplomatic relations) • Covert action • Military intervention

24. U.S. foreign policy strategies • The United States is an active participant in numerous international organizations, especially the United Nations.

25. The United Nations • The United Nations is likely to play an even greater role in the post-cold war world, even if many Americans, especially conservatives, are highly critical of the way the U.N. works.

26. The United Nations • The primacy of the nation-state is not in question, yet more and more of our global policy problems will be solved through international organizations of one type or another.

27. Chapter Overview • Our system is designed to provide civilian control over the military. Although the military in any society has enormous potential for direct political involvement, this has not occurred in the United States. The president, Congress, the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and cabinet officers continually weigh national security against competing claims.

28. Chapter Overview • Although the past decade witnessed major reductions in the size of the military and major cuts in military spending, some critics say the defense budget can be cut much further. • Critics on the right, however, claim we have weakened our defense preparedness.

29. Chapter Overview • The nature of warfare and the preventing of wars may be considerably different in the twenty-first century as witnessed in the war on terrorism and conflict with Iraq and perhaps North Korea.

30. New material

31. Foreign Defense Policy . . . When President Bush declared his “Axis of Evil” he included the following countries: • Iraq • Iran • North Korea

32. War on Terrorism Prevent specific acts of terrorism by tightening borders Reduce the vulnerability of domestic assets such as pipelines and power plants Improve response and recover times for future terrorist attacks.

33. Controlling WMD’s • Monitoring Countries with nuclear weapons. • Becoming more aware of people with access to biological compounds. • Agreements between countries to reduce stockpiles of nuclear weapons. • Agreements to declare and destroy chemical weapons.

34. Promoting Trade The world is interdependent and competitive economically. Free Trade: the free movement of goods across international borders.

35. What is Free Trade though ? Even the U.S. has some industries that are protected by import and export quotas which restrict the amount of a particular product that can be purchased or sold abroad. Examples: textiles, agricultural products, cars, sugar, beef, bananas, and even underwear.

36. Protectionism ? Yes ! The U.S. wants to make sure that certain industries are shielded from Global competition. Defense and technology The U.S. also uses trade to promote human rights and democratic reform

37. U.S. & China U.S. exports have tripled to China and thus it was reasoned by President Clinton that China should receive favorable trade concessions and tariffs (like all other countries) were receiving from the U.S.

38. Fast-Track trade Brought back in 2002 to give Bush 43 the ability to make trade agreements with less of a hassle from the Congress.

39. Tonight: Reading assignment:pp. 537-545Class Discussion Bureaucracy

40. Tuesday Mar.8SSRIndiv. QuestionsLunchLarge Group Discussion

41. Foreign and Defense policy Bureaucracy

42. Alone or in small groups, discuss the following 3 items and be sure to include your answers into your notes:

43. 1. Examine and explain how each of the 3 branches of government is involved in the Foreign Policy Bureaucracy. 2. Describe the typical job requirements of the Secretary of State. 3. Examine the different philosophies of the neo-conservatives and the realist members of Bush 43 staff.

44. Topic 1 Examine and explain how each of the 3 branches is involved in Foreign Policy Bureaucracy.

45. Foreign & Defense Bureaucracy Examine and explain how each of the 3 branches is involved in Foreign Policy Bureaucracy. • Congress: Declare War, appropriate funds, make rules • President: Comm. in chief • Senate: confirms ambassadors & treaties • Courts: interpret the treaties, (but in practice, leave most decisions to the executive.)

46. Topic 2 Describe the typical job requirements of the Secretary of State. • Principal foreign policy advisor. • Administers the State Department • Receives visits from foreign diplomats • Attends international conferences • Heads the U.S. delegation at the UN

47. Topic 3 Examine the different philosophies of the neo-conservatives and the realist members of Bush 43 staff. Be sure to describe the people involved and the different approaches they took towards foreign policy matters.

48. Neo-conservatives: ( Hawks ) • Donald Rumsfeld • Dick Cheney • Condoleeza Rice “Moral obligation to confront evil where it resides” More willing to recommend use of military force to protect U.S. interests.

49. Realists: • Colin Powell (sec. of state) See diplomacy as the first line of response in crisis and are suspicious of broad us-versus-them thinking. They accept the world as it is and work with the realities as best they can to protect American interests

50. The Bush policy team Describe the policy of pre-emption as it relates to post- 9/11 U.S. intentions.