SOCIALIZATION

1. Chapter 4 SOCIALIZATION

2. I- Defining Socialization Socialization is: - learning to participate in group life - through the acquisition of culture

3. Defining Socialization To learn the appropriate: - attitudes, - values - and, behaviors.

4. II- Impact of Socialization It shapes our personality that is: attitudes needs characteristics behavior etc..

5. Impact of Socialization It is a lifelong process. We are constantly learning the norms and values of: - new groups - new environment

6. Nature vs. nurture Human development is shaped by the interaction of both: nature and nurture.

7. 1- Nurture & Human Development Case study Experiment

8. 1-1 Case study Isabelle was born in 1938. illegitimate birth confined to the basement interacted only with her mom. Mom was mute & deaf.

9. Nurture Argument Discovered at six Could not speak Observers believed that she was deaf On tests of maturity, she scored at the level of an infant.

10. Nurture� After socialization: - speaking in complete sentences. - ready to attend school. - doing well and emotionally adjusted.

11. Impact of Neglect Infants and young children in orphanages. Stay in cribs for 18 to 20 hrs a day. As a result, fearful of human contact. 20% of them have adjustment problems.

12. Case Study: conclusion. �Early socialization� is necessary for children to learn basic skills. Social interactions are critical for emotional growth. Parents must be concerned with both: - physical needs - and, social development.

13. Primate Studies - Harry Harlow - Studies rhesus monkeys raised in isolation.

14. Surrogate Mothers - Wire mother - Clothe mother.

15. Findings: Infant monkeys raised in isolation were: distressed, apathetic, withdrawn, hostile adult animals.

16. Findings: When they became �mothers� they either: - reject or ignore any babies they may have, - sometimes even abusing them physically.

17. 2- Nature & Human Development Nature and heredity greatly influence: one�s development our personality

18. VI- Impact of Heredity � Identical twins study. Separated at birth and raised apart.

19. Similarities Temperaments Voice patterns Nervous habits

20. Similarities: Example Wore wire-rimmed glasses and mustaches Liked spicy foods and sweet liqueurs Were absent-minded Flushed the toilet before using it Stored rubber bands on their wrists Dipped buttered toast in their coffee

21. Differences attitudes values chosen mates drinking habits

22. Nature vs. Nature Argument In conclusion, both: - genetic factors - and, socialization experiences are influential in human development.

23. Nature/Nurture & Intelligence Is our intelligence an outcome of our social environment, or are we born with it?

24. Intelligence Intelligence tests for twins raised apart show that the scores are: 1- different when twins are raised in different social settings. 2- similar when raised in similar social settings.

25. Defining the Self A distinct identity that sets us apart from others. It continues to develop and change through life. It is established through the process of socialization.

26. Theoretical Perspectives Sociological approaches on socialization: Functionalist Conflict Interactionist

27. 1-Functionalism Through socialization we: internalize the values of society as a result, social consensus is reinforced.

28. Functionalism - Through socialization we fit into groups. - As a result conformity is maintained.

29. 2- Conflict Socialization perpetuates: - the �status quo� - social inequality Through socialization, we accept our position in society.

30. 3- Interactionism Socialization is crucial to the development of the self. Three theories: 1- Looking glass self. 2- Stages of the self. 3- Presentation of the self.

31. Interactionism 1- Looking glass self. - Charles Horton Cooley - The self is a product of interactions with others.

32. Looking-Glass Self Phase 1: We imagine how we present ourselves to others.

33. Looking-Glass Self Phase 2- We imagine how others evaluate us.

34. Looking-Glass Self Phase 3- We develop a feeling about ourselves. - pride - embarrassment

35. Interactionism 2- Stages of the Self - George Herbert Mead

36. Stages of the Self �Self� begins as: - a privileged, central position in a person�s world. As we mature: - the self changes - begins to reflect concerns about others.

37. Stage 1 Preparatory stage. - children prepare for role-taking - they imitate others Symbols are important: - gestures - objects - language

38. Stage 2 Play stage. - children begin to see themselves in relation to others. Role taking: - begin to pretend to be other people.

39. Stage 3 Game Stage. - children understand their social positions and the positions of others. Generalized Others: - concern about the demands and expectations of others.

40. Interactionism 3- Presentation of the Self Erving Goffman. Presentation of the self in our daily activities.

41. Presentation of the Self 1- Impression Management: We present the self in a way: - to create distinctive appearances - to satisfy particular audiences.

42. Presentation of the Self Also called Dramaturgical Approach. - in our daily activities we resemble performers in action.

43. Presentation of the Self Face work: - face saving behaviors that we initiate when we feel embarrassed or rejected.

44. Psychological Approaches Sigmund Freud Jean Piaget

45. Piaget Cognitive development. Stages of cognitive development: - Sensorimotor - Preoperational - Concrete operational - Formal operational

46. Freud The self is influenced by: - others - but also, by inborn drives.

47. Life Course The different stages that we go through as we get older. - Infancy - Adolescence - Adulthood - Elderly

48. Life Course Rites of passage: - means of validating changes in a person�s status.

49. Life Course & Socialization Two types of socialization occur through our life course. 1- Anticipatory socialization 2- Re-socialization

50. Anticipatory Socialization Process in which a person �rehearses� for future occupation and social relationships.

51. Resocialization Process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new: - norms - values - attitudes - and, behaviors.

52. Total Institution An institution that regulates all aspects of a person�s life under a single authority.

53. Agents of Socialization Family: - the primary agent of socialization in the U.S, especially for children.

54. Family Variations in the impact of the family. 1- cultural influences: - sense of self varies from society to society. 2- race and gender: - despite strong family values, race and gender can also affect the sense self. 3- vary with subcultures.

55. Agents of Socialization School Schools teach children the values and socialize children into conventional gender roles.

56. Agents of Socialization Peer Groups: - as children grow older, peer groups assume the role of significant others. - peers can encourage respect or violation of norms and values.

57. Agents of Socialization Mass Media and Technology - critical forces in the socialization of children in the US.

58. Agents of Socialization Workplace. Learning to behave appropriately in an occupation is a fundamental aspect of socialization.

59. Agents of Socialization Religion and the State The state fulfilled many of the traditional family functions such as when we can: drink drive vote marry retire work overtime