NJ ASK REVIEW

1. NJ ASK REVIEW PHYSICAL SCIENCE

2. Physical Science • Science Safety • Scientific Method • Chemistry • Physics

3. Physical Properties Describe matter without changing matter 4 general properties: Mass, weight, volume and density Examples 5 senses State Malleability Ductility Boiling Point Solubility Viscosity MATTER

4. Chemical Properties Describes matter as it changes its chemical make-up A new substance is formed Examples: Reactivity (Baking Soda + Vinegar -> Gas) Flammability MATTER

5. Solid - Crystalline - Amorphous Liquid Gas Plasma Molecules packed together and vibrating Molecules rolling over each other Molecules moving all over Molecules moving super fast speeds States / Structure

6. Endothermic - molecules speed up Melting Vaporization - Evaporation - Boiling Sublimation Exothermic - Molecules slow down Freezing Condensation Change of State

7. Elements • Pure substance (one type of molecule) Ex. Periodic Table Gold Hydrogen Tin Neon

8. Elements - Classification • Metals - Tin, gold, silver, aluminum • Non-Metals - Neon, Argon, Nitrogen, Carbon • Metalloids- Boron, Silicon, Arsenic

9. Chemical combination of elements – changes the characteristics of the individual elements Na + Cl -> NaCl Water Carbon Dioxide Baking Soda Sugar Compounds

10. How matter is organized Heterogenous (Easily separated) Homogeneous (More uniform) Solvent- dissolving Solute - dissolved Solubility Ex. Lemonade Mixtures / Solutions

11. Nucleus contain protons (+) and neutrons (=) Electron (-) cloud / shell What’s Inside? Atomic Structure

12. Element Key Atomic # = # Protons = # electrons Atomic Mass = # Protons + # Neutrons # Neutrons = At. Mass – Atomic # How to Determine Data from an Element Key 13 Al Aluminum 27.0

13. Physics – Matter in Motion

14. Matter in Motion • Motion – changes in position from reference point • Speed = Distance/time • Velocity – speed in given direction • Acceleration – Rate at which velocity changes

15. Force • Force = push or pull • Net force = combining all forces • Same direction (+) add forces together • Opposing directions (-) subtract forces

16. Friction • Force that opposes motion between two surfaces touching • Sliding • Rolling • Fluid • Static

17. Temperature • Measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in an object • Kinetic = energy in motion • Potential = energy stored - Measured with Thermometer

18. Gravity • Force of attraction between objects due to their masses Mass = amount of matter in object Weight = measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object

19. Newton’s First Law of Motion • An object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion remains in motion at a constant speed unless acted upon by an unbalanced force • Inertia

20. Newton’s Second Law of Motion • The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied • F = ma

21. Newton’s Third Law of Motion • For every action – there is opposite and equal reaction

22. Work • Work – force causes an object to move in the direction of the force • F x D = W(joules) • Power – rate at which work is done P = W/T ( joules/sec)

23. Machines • MACHINE A device that helps make work easier, faster, or by changing the size or direction of the force

24. 6 simple machines : mechanical device that makes work easier with only one movement • lever– 3 classes of lever— • first class • second class • Third class -- • Pivotal point --- fulcrum • position of fulcrum changes based on type of lever • 2. Wheel and axle – • 3. Inclined plane--ramp • 4. The screw– inclined plane spiraled around a cylinder • 5. pulleys-fixed and moveable • 6. wedge--- cuts stuff

27. Compound machines More than 1 simple machine working together--- more mechanical advantage

28. Thermal = heat Chemical = break-down of compounds Electrical = moving electrons Sound = vibrations Light = vibrations of electrically charged particles Nuclear = changes in nucleus of atom Energy - Forms

29. Energy Transfer – CONDUCTION Direct contact from one object to another • Ex. Pot on stove • Ex. Metal Spoon in Soup • Ex. Copper Pipes

30. Energy Transfer - CONVECTION • Movement of liquid or gas • Ex. Hot-air popper • Boiling Water (convection currents) • Air Masses (weather)

31. Energy Transfer - RADIATION • Transfer of energy through matter or space as electromagnetic waves, visible light or infrared waves • Ex. Space Heater • Microwave Oven

32. MAGNETISM • POLES—N AND S POLES ON ENDS OF MAGNETS • LAW OF MAGNETISM: LIKE POLES REPEL; UNLIKE POLES ATTRACT. MAG. FIELD– AREA AROUND A MAGNET WHERE FORCES EXIST. STRONGEST AT THE POLES.

33. MAGNETIC DOMAINS • AREAS OF ATOMS ALIGNED IN THE MAGNET TO KEEP THE MAGNETISM. IF THEY FACE IN DIFF. DIRECTIONS, AND ARE NOT ALIGNED—NO MAGNETISM.

34. Electricity 2 TYPES: STATIC AND CURRENT: • Static electricity is a build-up of electric charges on an object • Law of charges: • electric discharge --Static electricity is lost due to contact w/something, ex. Lightning to ground Like charges repel; unlike charges attract

35. Electricity 2 • Lightning rods work by directing the electric charge carried by lightning CURRENT ELECTRICITY • Electric current is a continuous flow of charge (motion of electrons) • SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY: • Batteries- are made of cells that convert chemical energy to electrical energy • Oil, gas, wind, water, steam, biomass, etc.

36. Electricity 3 • Circuits consists of : energy source, a load,wires and sometimes a switch • Fuses and circuit breakers protect your home against circuit failure • Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy does work

37. Waves • Any disturbance that transmits energy through matter or space • Carry Energy

38. Wave Properties • Amplitude= height of wave • Wavelength = distance of wave • Frequency = number of waves produced in a given time– • unit is Hertz (Hz) • Wave speed = the speed of a wave • Medium – substance in which waves travel through ( s, l , g)

39. Wave Interactions • Reflection – wave bounces back • Refraction – wave bends • Diffraction – wave bends around object • Interference – waves overlap

40. Refraction-change in direction of wave due to its speed In diffraction Addition of 2 or more waves that cause new wave pattern

41. SOUND • Needs a medium to travel( solid, l, or gas ) • Travels with rarefactions and compressions Like a slinky. Wave type: longitudinal wave

43. LIGHT • Light travels on an ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE • Does not need a medium to travel through • A wave that travels on changing electric and magnetic fields • Wave type: transverse wave

44. Visible Light • Narrow range of wavelengths and frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum • Humans Sight: • Longest wavelengths = red light • Shortest wavelengths = violet light

45. ROYGBIV • Visible light colors • All colors are combined = white light Ex. sunlight, incandescent light bulbs and fluorescent light bulbs emit white light

46. Why we see the colors we see? • When white light shines on a strawberry, only the red light is reflected. • All the other colors of light are absorbed. • Therefore the strawberry looks red to you.

47. Mirrors • Reflect light • Plane mirrors – produce virtual images that are the same size as the objects. These images are reversed left to right 2 main kinds of mirrors: • Convex mirrors curves outward–makes a wider view of everything • Concave mirrors—curves inward-magnifies everything

48. Ideas to Review • OEQ – provide full thoughts • Add extras – diagrams, data from full science background • Think before you answer question • GOOD LUCK