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Life: From simple to more complex / human physiology

Life: From simple to more complex / human physiology. Organelle. Food vacuole Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell Membrane. Muscle cell. Cardiac cell. Kidney cell. Cell. Tissue. Organ. Organ System. Excretory System. Digestive System. Circulatory System.

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Life: From simple to more complex / human physiology

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  1. Life: From simple to more complex / human physiology Organelle Food vacuole Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell Membrane Muscle cell Cardiac cell Kidney cell Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Excretory System Digestive System Circulatory System LIFE PROCESSES : NUTRITION TRANSPORT EXCRETION Stroke Disruption =Imbalance in homeostasis. Paralysis Kidney stone Heart attack Disruption

  2. HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Purpose: To_____________________ ___ into a ____________ form Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids 1 *a • Accessory Organs • Food does not pass through 2 *b 3 *d *c 4 5 Lined with villi * 6 7 End products: monosaccharides amino acids glycerol & 3 fatty acids Absorbed into blood Absorbed into lacteal End products are used for Energy, Growth, Repair & Regulation

  3. CHEMICAL DIGESTION IS ACCOMPLISHED BY ENZYMES Proteins By PROTEASES Lipids by LIPASES Carbohydrates By AMYLASES Mouth Stomach Small Intestine To Be Used For End Products

  4. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: Purpose: _________________________________________________________________ THE HEART: 4 CHAMBERED PUMP LOCATED IN THE THORACIC CAVITY Right side Contains “blue” or__________________blood contains COs Returning from body cells, Left side Contains “red” or__________________blood contains Os Sending blood to body cells, ATRIA: Collecting chambers VENTRICLES: Pumping chambers Heart sounds: Lub: ___________________________________________ (between Atria & Ventricles) Dub: ___________________________________________ (as blood exits the heart) If the valves are damaged, there is leakage. This produces abnormal sounds. This is called a__________________ _______________ Pulse: _________________________________________________________________________________ Blood Pressure: Pressure of the blood against the walls of the __________________ Results from two forces. 1. Pressure while the heart contracts to pump blood _________________ ______ 2. Forces of the arteries as they resist the blood flow _________________ Measure with a ______________________________

  5. Path of Blood Flow • ________________________ • CIRCULATION • Blood flow to all body cells • Oxygen diffuses in to the cells • In exchange, CO2 enters the blood to be removed __________________ CIRCULATION Blood flow to the lungs to pick up oxygen • Control of the Heart: • Pacemaker (Sino trial node) in the wall of the ___________________________ • Controls heart contraction by electric impulses. • Current produced can be recorded: Electrocardiogram (EKG) • ____________________________: irregular rhythm of the heat (too fast or too slow) • _________________________________________: highly irregular beat

  6. BLOOD VESSELS lymph vessel body cells All body cells are in contact with capillaries Drains off ICF Circulates into the lymph system All cells are surrounded by and bathed in ____________________________ __ __ __ Acts as a “middleman” for exchange of materials Artery Vein Capillaries

  7. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES ______________________ Build up of fatty deposits (cholesterol) and cell debris on the inner walls of arteries __________________________________ Name of the pain that occurs when the muscular wall of the heart becomes temporarily short of oxygen Due to coronary artery disease or high blood pressure ___________________________________ Most common type of heart attack; caused by a thrombosis or blockage, of one of the coronary arteries. This cuts off the blood supply to one region of the heart muscle. The main symptom is usually crushing pain in the center of your chest This is also known as a myocardial infarction LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Lymph is a fluid that bathes all cells of the body. Lymph consists mainly of fluid that escapes from the blood through the walls of the capillaries Lymph returns this fluid to the _____________ ___________ Bead like enlargements Contain special white blood cells: LYMPHOCYTES protect the body from infection Bacteria and other foreign particles are filtered out and removed from the blood at these nodes Lymph also absorbs ___________________________ from the intestines and transports them to the blood

  8. BLOOD TYPES Determined by marker proteins on the Red Blood Cells If the “ wrong type” of blood is given during a transfusion, _______________________________

  9. EXCRETION Purpose:_________________________________________________ ____________Build up of uric acid in joints; painful!

  10. The human kidney: Remove __________________________________ from the blood 2. Regulates the __________________________ of body fluids The most important work is done by the functional unit: The nephron Glomerulus: The process of ___________________occurs here. Water, salts, urea, glucose & amino acids diffuse from the blood in the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule • The process of _________________occurs here. • “good stuff” is reabsorbed back in to the blood • _________________ by osmosis _________________ by active transport • salts • Amino acids Detected by increased levels of glucose in the urine Artificial kidney machine Is used to filter the blood Sometimes substances crystallize out of the urine

  11. The Human Skeleton • CARTILAGE • Cushions • Embryo, tips of bones, nose, ear, trachea, between ribs _____________________(support) Stores _______________________ Makes blood cells Leverage/ anchorage for movement. allows for locomotion BONES _____________ hardened collagen fibers Dynamic tissue: constantly ______________ and ___________ New bone is produced in cells called ______________________ During middle age, bone replacement becomes less efficient. The bones become less dense and brittle. Break easily Exercise and eat calcium rich foods beginning in your teens!

  12. The Muscles of the Human Body I. Smooth Muscle: lines organs and blood vessels (___________________). Spindle shaped sheets of cells ________________________. (used for peristalsis) Skeletal Muscle: held to bones by _____________________. *Work in pairs. (Bend and straighten) Muscles can only ______________ F __ __ __ __ __ Cardiac Muscle: found in heart, striated (_________________________). Inherent ability to contract. E __ __ __ __ __ __ __ II. III.

  13. Joints: location at which two or more bones make contact Tendon SPRAIN ____________________ Common form of arthritis that usually affects older people. Pain, stiffness, inflammation and deformity of the joints. _____________________ _____________________ More serious immune response. TENDONITIS Muscle Ligament Cartilage

  14. The purpose of RESPIRATION is to: _________________________________________________________ Humans are AEROBES, and must provide oxygen to the cells HUMAN ADAPTATIONS: Hemoglobin: respiratory pigmentcarries ___________________________ as oxyhemoglobin Carbon Dioxide is carried as the _______________________ __________ (HCO3) Control of Breathing Rate:Whenhigh levels of CO2 in the blood are detected by the respiratory center in the brain; breathing rate increases. STRUCTURES To bring oxygen in to the lungs STRUCTURES to bring oxygen in to blood to be transported to body cells. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ This is the functional unit of the lungs Oxygen (which has been inhaled) will dissolve on the surface, and then diffuse in to the blood. In exchange, CO2 exits the blood to be exhaled Diaphragm contracts, moves down, chest expands. Pressure is lowered -> vacuum is created. Air rushes in and fills the lungs Diaphragm relaxes, chest cavity decreases Pressure increases -> air rushes out

  15. MALFUNCTIONS of the HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

  16. Life: From simple to more complex / human physiology Organelle Food vacuole Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell Membrane Muscle cell Cardiac cell Kidney cell Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Excretory System Digestive System Circulatory System Let’s get started! LIFE PROCESSES : NUTRITION TRANSPORT EXCRETION Stroke Disruption =Imbalance in homeostasis. Paralysis Kidney stone Heart attack Disruption

  17. HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Purpose: To_____________________ ___ into a ____________ form Break down food useable Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids MOUTH 1 Salivary glands *a • Accessory Organs • Food does not pass through ESOPHAGUS 2 Liver STOMACH *b 3 Gall bladder Pancreas *d *c SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE 4 5 Lined with villi Appendix * Rectum anus 6 7 End products: monosaccharides amino acids glycerol & 3 fatty acids Absorbed into blood Absorbed into lacteal End products are used for Energy, Growth, Repair & Regulation

  18. (mechanical) saliva Gastric Reflux Food moves through by PERISTALSIS Ulcer PROTEINS Caused by H. pylori Bile Stores Gall Stones Crohn’s Disease ALL DIGESTION IS COMPLETE Diarrhea water Constipation VITAMINS Appendicitis Short term storage Elimination (Egestion)

  19. CHEMICAL DIGESTION IS ACCOMPLISHED BY ENZYMES Proteins By PROTEASES Lipids by LIPASES Carbohydrates By AMYLASES Mouth Begins digestion of starch Stomach Begins digestion of proteins Small Intestine Complete digestion of PROTEINS Complete digestion of FATS Complete digestion of STARCH Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids AMINO ACIDS MONO-SACCHARIDES To Be Used For End Products Energy, synthesis, growth and repair

  20. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: Purpose: _________________________________________________________________ To transport materials throughout the body Blood is actually never blue, instead it is a darker shade of red THE HEART: 4 CHAMBERED PUMP LOCATED IN THE THORACIC CAVITY Right side Contains “blue” or__________________blood contains COs Returning from body cells, Left side Contains “red” or__________________blood contains Os Sending blood to body cells, Deoxygenated Oxygenated ATRIA: Collecting chambers VENTRICLES: Pumping chambers Heart sounds: Lub: ___________________________________________ (between Atria & Ventricles) Dub: ___________________________________________ (as blood exits the heart) If the valves are damaged, there is leakage. This produces abnormal sounds. This is called a__________________ _______________ Closing of A-V valves Closing of semi-lunar valves Heart Murmur # of contractions of the heart per minute Pulse: _________________________________________________________________________________ arteries Blood Pressure: Pressure of the blood against the walls of the __________________ Results from two forces. 1. Pressure while the heart contracts to pump blood _________________ ______ 2. Forces of the arteries as they resist the blood flow _________________ Measure with a ______________________________ Hypertension = high blood pressure systole 120/80 Diastole sphygmomanometer

  21. Path of Blood Flow • ________________________ • CIRCULATION • Blood flow to all body cells • Oxygen diffuses in to the cells • In exchange, CO2 enters the blood to be removed Systemic 1a 9 4 5 Pulmonary __________________ CIRCULATION Blood flow to the lungs to pick up oxygen 2 7 6 3 8 1b • Control of the Heart: • Pacemaker (Sino trial node) in the wall of the ___________________________ • Controls heart contraction by electric impulses. • Current produced can be recorded: Electrocardiogram (EKG) • ____________________________: irregular rhythm of the heat (too fast or too slow) • _________________________________________: highly irregular beat Right Atrium Arrhythmia Ventricular Fibrillation

  22. BLOOD VESSELS lymph vessel body cells All body cells are in contact with capillaries Drains off ICF Circulates into the lymph system All cells are surrounded by and bathed in ____________________________ __ __ __ Acts as a “middleman” for exchange of materials INTERCELLULAR FLUID I C F Artery Vein Capillaries Thick walled THIN THIN Muscular ONE CELL THICK CONTAINS VALVES TO PREVENT BACKFLOW • Easy for substances to diffuse through the walls during exchange • Food and O2 in • CO2 out Carries oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart Transports Deoxygenated Blood Back to heart

  23. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES ______________________ Build up of fatty deposits (cholesterol) and cell debris on the inner walls of arteries __________________________________ Name of the pain that occurs when the muscular wall of the heart becomes temporarily short of oxygen Due to coronary artery disease or high blood pressure ___________________________________ Most common type of heart attack; caused by a thrombosis or blockage, of one of the coronary arteries. This cuts off the blood supply to one region of the heart muscle. The main symptom is usually crushing pain in the center of your chest This is also known as a myocardial infarction Atherosclerosis Angina Pectoris Coronary Thrombosis LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Lymph is a fluid that bathes all cells of the body. Lymph consists mainly of fluid that escapes from the blood through the walls of the capillaries Lymph returns this fluid to the _____________ ___________ Circulatory System Bead like enlargements Contain special white blood cells: LYMPHOCYTES protect the body from infection Bacteria and other foreign particles are filtered out and removed from the blood at these nodes Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids Lymph also absorbs ___________________________ from the intestines and transports them to the blood

  24. TRANSPORT NUTRIENTS WASTES PLASMA INTERCELLULAR FLUID HEMOGLOBIN ANEMIA OXYGEN IMMUNITY LEUKEMIA EXCESSIVE REACTION HEMOPHILIA K

  25. BLOOD TYPES Determined by marker proteins on the Red Blood Cells Anti-B A/o B/o Anti-A A/B/o - o Anti-A & B If the “ wrong type” of blood is given during a transfusion, _______________________________ Hemolysis

  26. EXCRETION Purpose:_________________________________________________ Removal of harmful metabolic wastes Diffusion out of blood into lungs, then exhaled CO2 H2O 99% water Salts Urea Urea Gout ____________Build up of uric acid in joints; painful! Kidney Urea Urine Water Salts Urea Concentration

  27. The human kidney: Metabolic waste Remove __________________________________ from the blood 2. Regulates the __________________________ of body fluids Concentration The most important work is done by the functional unit: The nephron Mass of capillaries Glomerulus: Bowmans Capsule Filtration The process of ___________________occurs here. Water, salts, urea, glucose & amino acids diffuse from the blood in the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule Loop of Henle Reabsorption • The process of _________________occurs here. • “good stuff” is reabsorbed back in to the blood • _________________ by osmosis _________________ by active transport • salts • Amino acids Ureter bladder water glucose Dialysis Diabetes Kidney Stones Detected by increased levels of glucose in the urine Artificial kidney machine Is used to filter the blood Sometimes substances crystallize out of the urine

  28. The Human Skeleton • CARTILAGE • Cushions • Embryo, tips of bones, nose, ear, trachea, between ribs _____________________(support) Stores _______________________ Makes blood cells Leverage/ anchorage for movement. allows for locomotion BONES _____________ hardened collagen fibers Dynamic tissue: constantly ______________ and ___________ New bone is produced in cells called ______________________ During middle age, bone replacement becomes less efficient. The bones become less dense and brittle. Break easily Exercise and eat calcium rich foods beginning in your teens!

  29. The Muscles of the Human Body I. Smooth Muscle: lines organs and blood vessels (___________________). Spindle shaped sheets of cells ________________________. (used for peristalsis) Skeletal Muscle: held to bones by _____________________. *Work in pairs. (Bend and straighten) Muscles can only ______________ F __ __ __ __ __ Cardiac Muscle: found in heart, striated (_________________________). Inherent ability to contract. E __ __ __ __ __ __ __ II. III.

  30. Joints: location at which two or more bones make contact Tendon SPRAIN ____________________ Common form of arthritis that usually affects older people. Pain, stiffness, inflammation and deformity of the joints. _____________________ _____________________ More serious immune response. TENDONITIS Muscle Ligament Cartilage

  31. The purpose of RESPIRATION is to: _________________________________________________________ Humans are AEROBES, and must provide oxygen to the cells HUMAN ADAPTATIONS: Hemoglobin: respiratory pigmentcarries ___________________________ as oxyhemoglobin Carbon Dioxide is carried as the _______________________ __________ (HCO3) Control of Breathing Rate:Whenhigh levels of CO2 in the blood are detected by the respiratory center in the brain; breathing rate increases. STRUCTURES To bring oxygen in to the lungs STRUCTURES to bring oxygen in to blood to be transported to body cells. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ This is the functional unit of the lungs Oxygen (which has been inhaled) will dissolve on the surface, and then diffuse in to the blood. In exchange, CO2 exits the blood to be exhaled Diaphragm contracts, moves down, chest expands. Pressure is lowered -> vacuum is created. Air rushes in and fills the lungs Diaphragm relaxes, chest cavity decreases Pressure increases -> air rushes out

  32. MALFUNCTIONS of the HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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